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Step 1 Clues > main concept > Flashcards

main concept Flashcards

1
Q

What electrolytes does the low volume state have?

Total Na, serum Na, Ca, Cl, K

A

high total Na,
low serum Na (dilutional effect)
low Ca2+(bound to Albumin)
low Cl
low K
Low H(alkaline)

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2
Q

What pH does the low volume state have?

A

Alkalotic (except diarrhea, RTA Type II, and DKA) b/c Aldo dumps H+

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3
Q

What pH do vomiters have?

A

Alkalotic b/c you vomit out H+;low volume state

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4
Q

What pH does diarrhea have?

A

Acidosis b/c stool has bicarb from pancreas

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5
Q

What happened if pulse increase >10 on standing

A

Hypovolemic shock

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6
Q

What happened if pulse increase <5 on standing?

A

Autonomic dysfunction

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7
Q

What pump stops working in an energy state?

A

NA/K pump due to loss of ATP and Mitochondria dysfunction

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8
Q

symptoms of a low energy state in the heart?

A

CV: heart failure, pericardial effusion

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9
Q

symptoms of a low energy state in the Bone marrow?

A

Bone marrow: suppressed pancytopenia

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10
Q

symptoms of a low energy state in the vessels?

A

Vascular endothelium: breaks down; vasculitis

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11
Q

symptoms of a low energy state in the Lungs?

A

Lungs: infection, SOB

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12
Q

symptoms of a low energy state in the Kidney, GI and bladder?

A

Kidney: PCT stops working (electrolytes imbalance)
GI: N/V/D
Bladder: urinary retention

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13
Q

symptoms of a low energy state in the Sperm count, Breast, endometrium and Germ Cells?

A

Sperm: decreased
Germ cells: predisposed to cancer
Breasts: atrophic
Endometrium: amenorrhea; atrophic

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14
Q

symptoms of a low energy state in the muscle?

A

Muscle: weakness, SOB, vasodilation, urinary retention, constipation

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15
Q

symptoms of a low energy state in the skin, hair, nail/cuticles?

A

Rapidly Dividing Cells:
Skin: dry
Cuticles: brittle nails
Hair: alopecia

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16
Q

What are the most common signs of the low energy state?

A

Tachypnea and dyspnea

17
Q

What are the most common symptoms of the low energy state?

A

Weakness and SOB

18
Q

What is the most common cause of death in the low energy state

A

HF

19
Q

Explain all restrictive lung diseases

A

Restrictive: interstitial problem (non-bacterial)

20
Q

Explain all obstructive lung diseases

A

Obstructive: airway problem (bacterial)
Big mucus-filled lungs (high RV, high Reid)

index = thickness/ airway lumen)

21
Q

What symptoms does a “more likely to depolarize” state have?

A

Brain: psychosis, seizures, jitteriness Skeletal muscle: muscle spasms, cramps
SM: diarrhea
Cardiac: tachycardia, arrhythmia

22
Q

What symptoms does a “less likely to depolarize” state have?

A

Brain: lethargy, mental status changes, depression Skeletal muscle: weakness, SOB
SM: constipation
Cardiac: hypotension, bradycardia

23
Q

What is the humoral immune response?

A

B cells and PMNs patrol the blood looking for bacteria

24
Q

What is the cell-mediated immune response?

A

T cells and Macrophages patrol the tissues looking for non-bacteria

25
Q

What are macrophages called in each area of the body?

A

Blood = Monocytes
Brain = Microglia
Lung = T1 pneumocytes
Liver = Kupffer cells
Spleen = RES cells
Lymph = Dendritic cells
Kidney = Mesangial cells
Payers patches = M cells
Skin = Langerhans cells
Bone = Osteoclasts CT:

26
Q

What is the CBC for every vasculitis?

A

low RBC, platelets,
high WBC, T cells, MP, ESR
schistocytes

27
Q

What is the time course of the inflammatory response?

A

1 hr: Swelling
Day 1: PMNs show up at 4
½ hours, predominate at 24 hours
Day 3: PMNs peak
Day 4: MP/T cells shows up
Day 7: MP/T cells peak, Fibroblasts arrive
Day 30: Fibroblasts peak
Month 3-6: Fibroblasts complete fibrosis

28
Q

What state does estrogen mimic

A

The neuromuscular dz state (estrogen is a muscle relaxant)

29
Q

What does high GABA levels lead to?

A

Bradycardia, lethargy, constipation, impotence, and memory loss

30
Q

What is Necrosis?

A

Non-programmed cell death = noisy, inflammation, nucleus destroyed first

31
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death = quiet, no inflammation, nucleus guides it =>

32
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death = quiet, no inflammation, nucleus guides it =>

33
Q

What is Pyknosis?

A

Nucleus turns into blobs “pink blobs”

34
Q

What is Pyknosis?

A

Nucleus turns into blobs “pick blobs”

35
Q

What is Karyohexxis?

A

Nucleus fragments

36
Q

What is Karyolysis?

A

Nucleus dissolves

37
Q

patient with dementia, tremor, fatigue….rule out

A

hyperthyroidism with TSH test

Step 1 Clues (27 decks)

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