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Top Notchers ☝🏻 > ONCO > Flashcards

ONCO Flashcards

1
Q

Cell cycle
1. Longest phase
2. where cells Grow
3. Synthesis ng DNA
4. Prep/ filter for Mitosis
5. 1 way cell division
6. nuKlear division
7. Cytoplasmic division
8. Resting phase/ tambayan
9. mga kinesis under ng?

A
  1. Interphase
  2. G1
  3. S phase
  4. G2
  5. Mitosis
  6. Karyokinesis
  7. Cytokinesis
  8. G0
  9. Mitosis
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2
Q

Sponty cell mutation w 3 stage theory of causation

A

Carcinogenesis

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3
Q

Irreversible transformed cell

A

Initiation

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4
Q

Reversible Neoplastic lesion stimulated to divide further

A

Promotion

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5
Q

Malignant tumor, ca cells compete each other para survive (aggressive-malignant)

A

Progression

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6
Q

Cell adaptation (NAHHMD)

A
  1. Normal cells
  2. Atropy
  3. Hypertrophy
  4. Hyperplasia
  5. Metaplasia
  6. Dysplasia
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7
Q

Cell adaptation
1. One cell CONVERT/REPLACE/TRANSFORMED to another cell
2. BIZARRE complete alteration dt may basement membrane pa
3. Matic malignant w NO basement membrane

A
  1. Metaplasia
  2. Dysplasia
  3. Neoplasia/Anaplasia
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8
Q

Warning signs (CAUTION US)

A

Change in bowel/bladder habits
A sore that doesn’t heal
Unusual bleeding/discharges
Thickening lump
Indigestion/diff swallowing
Obvious change in warts/moles
Nagging cough/hoarseness
Unexplained anemia
Sudden wt loss (cachexia)

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9
Q

Radiation SE mngt
1. Alopecia
2. Stomatitis
3. Enteritis
4. Anemia
5. Leukopenia
6. Thrombocytopenia
7. Dermatitis
8. ⬇️libido & sterility

A
  1. Alopecia- wig, self care (shampoo)
  2. Stomatitis- ✅bland diet, ❌acidic hot spicy asin
  3. Enteritis- ⬇️fiber bc diarrhea
  4. Anemia- injury protection
  5. Leukopenia- infection precaution
  6. Thrombocytopenia- bleeding precaution
  7. Dermatitis- ❌chemical irritabts like lotion and extreme temps
  8. ⬇️libido & sterility- egg bank
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10
Q

Mc SE ng Radiation and Chemo

A

Radiation- FATIGUE
Chemo- NV

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11
Q

Aka external/ default radiation, mc, can be done sa OPD & in sessions

A

teletherapy

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12
Q

TELETHERAPHY radioACTIVE or not

A

Not, so safe lapitan

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13
Q

Used implants means localized type of brachytherapy??

A

SEALED brachytherapy

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14
Q

SEALED brachytherapy needed materials incase malaglag

A

Long handed forcep
lead lined container

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15
Q

systemic chemo thru IV/ORAL type of brachytherapy?

A

UNSEALED BRACHYTHERAPY

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16
Q

UNSEALED BRACHYTHERAPY
- ___ cr and flush __ (if di private)
- __ h after adm DI NA radioactive

A
  • Private, Twice
  • 48
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17
Q

BRACHYTHERAPY
1. Distance:___. Time:___
2. private rooms away from ___
3. __shield w ___
4. Is dosimeter single used?

A
  1. 6 ft, 30 mins per shift
  2. Nurses station
  3. Lead, dosimeter badge
  4. Yes
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18
Q

SE mngt
1. Radiation:
2. Chemo:

A

SE mngt
1. Radiation: ⬆️CHON CAL ✅SFF kc fatigue
2. Chemo: before ✅Odansetron IV or Metoclopromide IV

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19
Q

Chemo toxicities
1. Methotrexate
2. Bleomycin
3. Doxurubicin
4. Cyclophosphamide
5. Vincristine/Vinblastine
6. Cisplatin
7. Quinine
8. Aminoglycosides

A
  1. Methotrexate: stomatitis
  2. Bleomycin: pulmonary fibrosis
  3. Doxurubicin: cardiac toxicity
  4. Cyclophosphamide: hemorrhagic cystitis
  5. Vincristine/Vinblastine: peripheral neuropathy
  6. Cisplatin: ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity
  7. Quinine: ototoxicity
  8. Aminoglycosides: ototoxicity
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20
Q

Compare irritants vs vesicants

A

Irritants- localized tissue damage
Vesicants- permanent and necrosis

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21
Q

Infiltration, lumabas sa IV pasok sa tissues

A

Extravasation, stop the infusion

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22
Q

Types of Biopsy
1. for solid organ
2. for deeper tissue sample
3. for superficial
4. In posterior iliac crest or sternum or breast bone
5. for large tumors where portion lang removed
6. entire tumor removed

A
  1. Fine needle aspiration
  2. Punch
  3. Shave
  4. Bone Marrow Biopsy
  5. Incisional
  6. Excisional
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23
Q

Sternum and breast bone bone marrow biopsy bawal kanino and anong site sila pede

A

<12 y.o
Tibia

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24
Q

Types of surgery
1. Prophylactic surgery
2. Implants, skin grafting
3. Relief of sx
4. Treatment

A
  1. Risk reduction surgery
  2. Reconstructive/ cosmetic
  3. Palliative
  4. Primary tx
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25
Q

Cell cycle specific anong phase target

3 class ng drugs under nito

A

S phase (synthesis ng DNA)

  1. Topoisomerase I inhibitor “-tecan”
  2. Topoisomerase II inhibitor “-poside”
  3. Antimetabolites CHF M —cytarabine, hydroxyurea, fluorouracil, methotrexate
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26
Q

Class of chemo drugs na inhibit daughter cells and ano under nyang drugs

A

Mitotic spindle inhibitors

Plant alkaloids “-vin”
Taxanes “-taxel”

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27
Q

Cell cycle NON SPECIFIC (destructs ALL cell cycles) (NAHA)

A

NitrosUreas “-mUstine”

Anti tumor-antibiotic: Doxurubicin, Bleomycin, Epirubucin, Dactinomycin

Hormonal Agents (Tafugo): tamoxifen for breast Cancer, Fubestrant, Goserelin

AlkyLATINg “-platin” + Cyclophosphamide + Thiotepa

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28
Q

Cyclophosphamide antidote and instruction

A

Mesna
OFI

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29
Q

A Cancer caused by bronchogenic Carcinoma dt smoking and occupational pollutants

A

Lung Cancer

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30
Q

LUNG CA Dx

Lobectomy and Pneumonectomy post op position

A

Bronchoscopic Biopsy

LUPA

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31
Q

Lung Ca surgeries
1. Incision sa thoracic cavity
2. To re expand ung natirang lobe
3. Kurot lang for biopsy purpose
4. Entire lung removed

A
  1. Thoracotomy
  2. Lobectomy
  3. Wedge Resection
  4. Pneumonectomy
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32
Q

Dalawang di pede gawin after pneumonectomy

A
  1. Lung transplant or else Tracheal Deviation —Mediastinal shift (compli)
  2. CTT bc need air
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33
Q

Post op device to prevent atelectasis and strengthen intercoastal muscles

How this is done

A

Incentive spirometer

Inhale sa mouthpiece

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34
Q

Blast vs cyte cells sino mature and fxnal

A

Cyte

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35
Q

Tumor grading
1. Poorly differentiated
2. Undifferentiated
3. Benign
4. Moderately differentiated

A
  1. Grade 3
  2. Grade 4
  3. Grade 1
  4. Grade 2
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36
Q

Tumor marking (TNM)
1. Alin jan ung start agad sa 1 hindi sa 0
2. 2-5 cm what T
3. extends to skin/chest what T
4. Distant metastasis what M
5. Metastasis to infra/supraclavicular + LN
6. FIXED Metastasis + internal mammary what N
7. Movable

A
  1. T
  2. T2
  3. T4
  4. M1
  5. N3
  6. N2
  7. N1
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37
Q

Stages of Ca
1. In situ/incidental findings
2. Large Extensive
3. Large Local spread only
4. Small and only in 1 area
5. Metastasis

A
  1. Stage 0
  2. Stage 3
  3. Stage 2
  4. Stage 1
  5. Stage 4
38
Q

Most common metastasis site (3L 2B)

A
  • Lungs
  • Lymph
  • Liver
  • Bone
  • Brain
39
Q

MULTIPLE MYELOMA hallmark

A

Bence-Jones Protein (puro plasma laman ng bone marrow)

40
Q

MULTIPLE MYELOMA sx (CRAB)

A

Ca ⬆️
Renal failure
Anemia
Bone pain

41
Q

MULTIPLE MYELOMA mngt

A

IV fluids
Meds
- Bortezomib (kill Ca cells)
- Dexamethasone (steroid & immunosuppressant)
- Thalidomide (blocks Ca sa bv & ⬆️ immune)
- Zoledronic acid (biphosphonate for bone)

42
Q

Most common Ca worldwide

A

Breast Ca

43
Q

Breast Cancer rx
- History of__
- post menopause age__
- genetic mutations__
- lahi__
- Male syndrome__
- Lifestyle risks like____
- Specific sa babae__

A
  • Ovarian/uterine Cancer
  • Over 50 yo
  • BRCA 1 & 2
  • Caucasians
  • Klinefelter
  • Oral contraceptive, obesity
  • Nulliparity, early menarche <12 yo
44
Q

Breast Ca type of carcinoma na most severe kasi sa terminal duct/lobular unit

Dx

A

Ductal Carcinoma

Mammograms

45
Q

Breast Ca sx

A

Peau D’ Orange and HARD PAINLESS IMMOBILE

Abn nipple discharge, retraction, inversion, skin dimpling & ulceration, thick rough skin

46
Q

Kabaliktaran ng HARD PAINLESS IMMOBILE anong type ng cells (benigns)

A

“Fibro”

47
Q

Xray of breast and done every?

A

Mammogram q yr

48
Q

Mammogram
1. ❌ maglagay ng ___
2. ❌bata kasi__
3. Bat mas prone larger breast sa Ca
4. Implant?
5. Transwoman?
6. Boys?
7. Mastectomy?
8. ano edad High rx?
9. Edad ng required magpa mammo?
10. Edad na optional sila magpa mammo?
11. >55 yo tuwing kelan papa mammo at bakit

A
  1. Powder lotion/perfumes
  2. False result kc changing pa dede nila
  3. Subq fat
  4. ✅
  5. ✅ kc naga pills
  6. ✅ kc may gynecomastia
  7. ❌ wala na breast tissue
  8. 30
  9. 45-54
  10. 40-44
  11. q 2 yrs kasi saggy na
49
Q
  1. Detects BRCA 1 & 2
  2. Detects CA 125
  3. kita Ca proteins
  4. 2 dx na if positive maga chemo if negative immunosuppressant or radiation
A
  1. Genetic testing
  2. Tumor Markers test
  3. HER gene 2 proteins
  4. Estrogen Receptor Positive (ERP) & Progesterone Receptor Positive (PRP)
50
Q

Breast self exam
1. Kelan gina gawa pag regular mens
2. post menopause
3. Irreg
4. 3 motions
5. Procedure ng may examiner

A
  1. 5-7 days ater mens
  2. Same day each month tapat sa bday
  3. Same day each month
  4. Circular, up down, spiral (outer to inner kc from node)
  • Tayo inspect c arms sa head then hips
  • Nakahiga c folded towel/unan under shoulder taas braso
51
Q

MRI
1. Braces pede?
2. Pacemaker?
3. Leg implants

A
  1. ✅
  2. ✅
  3. ❌
52
Q

Dx that test not only structural-fxnal abnormalities but metabolic abnormalities as well

A

PET SCAN

53
Q

Mastectomy
1. Remove ALL breast
2. Remove all except pectoralis
3. Prophylactic
4. Breast and nipple lang tanggal
5. Tumor lang tanggal everything intact

A
  1. RadicALL Mastectomy
  2. Modified
  3. Total Mastectomy
  4. Non invasive/benign total mastectomy
  5. LUMPectomy
54
Q

Post op mastectomy
1. What kind of drainage bulb
2. Normal ml ng drainage
3. Report ___
4. Mga ❌ post op
5. Expected feeling
6. Ilalagay sa arm

A
  1. Jackson Pratt Bulb
  2. <60
  3. > 100 ml Bright red
  4. IV, Blood draw, Vax, Bp
  5. Numb and lympn node swelling mawala mobths after
  6. Compression sleeve, elevated arm above ♥️, ✅arm exercises
55
Q

Mastectomy 3 compli and mngt

A
  1. Lymphedema - SEMI Fowler c affected arm above ♥️
  2. Bleeding— 12h Compression sleeve/bandage
  3. Infxn—antibiotic 1-2 wks
56
Q

Most lethal gynecological Ca
Most common gynecological Ca

A

Ovarian Ca
Endometrial Ca aka Uterine Ca

57
Q

Ovarian Ca
1. Rx factor
2. Tumor marker?
3. Surgery

A
  1. Same c breast cancer
  2. BRCA 125
  3. Total Abdominal Hysterectomy c Bilateral Salpino-oophorectomy
58
Q

Ovarian Ca early sx & classic sx

A
  1. IRREGULAR VAGINAL BLEEDING (early sx)
  2. URINARY URGENCY/FREQUENCY
  3. BLOATING & PELVIC PRESSURE
  4. URINARY URGENCY/FREQUENCY
59
Q

CerVical Ca rx factors? Screening?

A
  • HPV & HIV (multiple sex partners, first intercourse before 17 yo)
  • oral contraceptives >5 mos
  • > 52 yo
  • Smoking

Pap Smear

60
Q

anong type ang STI? Cervical Ca?

A

STI: type 6 & 11
Cervical Ca: type 16 & 18

61
Q

HPV
1. MOT
2. even c condom use kakahawa?
3. __before sex both gender

A
  1. direct skin to skin contact
  2. Yes
  3. Vax
62
Q

PAP SMEAR
1. For women ages ___
2. Done q __ yrs
3. together c HPV test: q __ yrs
4. detects what?
5. Avoid ___24h before mamaga repro
6. 2 things bawal 2-3 days before
7. 18 y.o sex active pede?
8. 25 y.o ni sex expi?
9. >65 y.o?
10. Undergo hysterectomy?

A
  1. 25-65 yo
  2. 3
  3. 5
  4. Cervical lesions/inflammations
  5. Sex
  6. Douching and cervical smear
  7. No sabing 25-65 tsaka pedia’s lesions heals on its own
  8. Yesss!
  9. No! Fragile na yan beh
  10. No gagawin e wala na nga
63
Q

PAP SMEAR
1. For women ages ___
2. Done q __ yrs
3. together c HPV test: q __ yrs
4. detects what?
5. Avoid ___24h before mamaga repro
6. 2 things bawal 2-3 days before
7. 18 y.o sex active pede?
8. 25 y.o ni sex expi?
9. >65 y.o?
10. Undergo hysterectomy?

A
  1. 25-65 yo
  2. 3
  3. 5
  4. Cervical lesions/inflammations
  5. Sex
  6. Douching and cervical smear
  7. No sabing 25-65 tsaka pedia’s lesions heals on its own
  8. Yesss!
  9. No! Fragile na yan beh
  10. No gagawin e wala na nga
64
Q

HPV vax
1. indicated for ages?
2. Dose?
3. Brand names ng vax and targets what types
4. if 15-45 y.o ilang dose na?

A
  1. 9-14
  2. 2 (0 & 6-12 mos)
  3. CERVARIX (type 16 & 18); GARDASIL (types 16 & 18 + 6 & 11 (STI)
  4. 3 (0, 1-2, 6 mos)
65
Q

HPV vax
1. indicated for ages?
2. Dose?
3. Brand names ng vax and targets what types
4. if 15-45 y.o ilang dose na?

A
  1. 9-14
  2. 2 (0 & 6-12 mos)
  3. CERVARIX (type 16 & 18); GARDASIL (types 16 & 18 + 6 & 11 (STI)
  4. 3 (0, 1-2, 6 mos)
66
Q

Procedure where acetic acid dissolves mucus in cervix (acetowhite lesions)

A

Colposcopy

67
Q

Procedure where acetic acid dissolves mucus in cervix (acetowhite lesions)

A

Colposcopy

68
Q

2 compli of Cervical Ca

A
  1. Vesiculovaginal fistula (ihi lumabas sa vagina)
  2. Rectovaginal fistula (poop naman)
69
Q

CERVICAL CA tx
1. Removal of uterus kc lapit sa cervix
2. Cone shaped area sa cervix removal (pede manganak dito)
3. Freezing of Ca tissues

A
  1. Hysterectomy
  2. Conization
  3. Cryosurgery
70
Q

Prostate vs Testicular Cancer
1. Mc old man >50 yo
2. Mc young man 15-35 yo
3. Best prognosis
4. Impaired seminal fluid production
5. Impaired Sperm production
6. Rx factor is cryptorchordism
7. Anemia as sx & painful urination
8. Hydrocele (feeling of heaviness, painless) c dull ache
9. Bone metastasis

A
  1. P
  2. T
  3. T
  4. P
  5. T
  6. T
  7. P
  8. T
  9. T
71
Q

Rx factor of Prostate Cancer
1. Lahi
2. Diet
3. History of __
4. __exposure

A
  1. African american
  2. ⬆️RED MEATS
  3. STI
  4. heavy metal
72
Q

Dx ng prostate and testicular ca

A

prostate: transrectal utz, prostate exam, blood sample, Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
testicular ca: testicular self exam

73
Q

testicular ca surgery

A
  1. Orchiectomy
  2. BILATERAL orchiectomy: STERILITY
  3. Testosterone Replacement therapy
74
Q

Prostate ca surgery and kinds nito

A
  1. TURP or prostatectomy
    Prostatectomy kinds:
    - Suprapubic (abdominal c bladder incision)
    - Retropubic (abdominal ONLY)
    - Perineal
75
Q

Prostatectomy
Post op: What type of bladder irrigation and considerations

A

Cont bladder irrigation (triple lumen cath) to ⬇️bleeding. ✅Outflow>inflow kc ihi + dugo
1. Balloon
2. Outflow
3. NSS inflow

76
Q

Prostatectomy 2 risks

A

Sterility
Urinary incontinence

77
Q

Kanino maga Androgen Suppression Therapy kc ⬆️ testosterone need ipa ⬇️

A

Prostate Ca

78
Q

Kanino maga Testosterone Replacement Therapy kc ⬇️testosterone need ipa ⬆️

A

Testicular Ca

79
Q

Prostate Ca cause, DOC, classic sx

A

Androgen
Diethylstilbestrol
Dribbling urine

80
Q

Normal PSA level

Ano unahin sa DRE and PSA sa Prostate Cancer

A

<4 ng/ml

PSA muna kasi tataas ket wala ca

81
Q

Types of biopsy
1. Fastest and least expensive type of biopsy but not the most reliable
2. For larger tumors kuha lang wedge or part/portion
3. ALL/entire tumor + surrounding tissues to prevent recurrence and the most reliable

A

Fine needle biopsy
Incisional
Excisional

82
Q

Aside sa methotrexate ano pang nakaka stomatitis

A

5 FU (Fluorouracil)

83
Q

Teletherapy markings considerations
1. When washing markings use ___
2. Use only __when washing
3. How to dry
4. expose to __
5. ❌expose__
6. Type of clothing
7. Avoid applying__
8. Shower and swimming?
9. Dagat?
10. Desquamation (namamalat) mngt
11. Earliest sx of skin reaction

A
  1. Hands
  2. Water or water c mild soap
  3. Pat dry
  4. Air
  5. Heat or cold
  6. Loose and cotton (❌zipper and garterized)
  7. Anything on the skin (lotions, etc.)
  8. Pede basta not chlorinated
  9. NO dat plain TAP WATER only
  10. Warm water
  11. Redness called erythema
84
Q

Extravasation mngt

Peripherally central catheter prevents

A

Stop aspirate antidote

Extravasation kasi may bukasan diretso na sa vena cava

85
Q

Doxorubicin and Vincristine extravasation type of compress?

A

Doxorubicin- stop aspirate cOlD compress
Vincristine- Warm compress

86
Q

Infiltration vs extravasation

A

Infil- NSS lang nag lusot sa tissues
Extravasation- chemo drugs

87
Q

Type of brachytherapy radioactive but excreta not

Do both brachytherapy have bathroom privileges?

A

Sealed

No

88
Q

Tamoxifen is an anti__, SE and gamot

A

Anti estrogen
Osteoporosis—Raloxifen

89
Q

Diethylstilbestrol is an__, SE?

A

Estrogen counteract ung androgen
⭐️Gynecomastia & impotence

90
Q

Methotrexate y adjunct c LEUCOVORIN

When to use wig in alopecia

A

bc hepatotoxic si Methotrexate

BEFORE chemo or before alopecia

91
Q

Chemo pt may consti give

Di mahanap radiation gagawin

A

Stool softener ❌laxative

Leave report to radiation safety officer sila hahanap kasi may machine then notify md

92
Q

Hodgkin Dse age and caused by 2 virus?

A

Young adults
Epstein and Helicobacter

Top Notchers ☝🏻 (20 decks)

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