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Top Notchers ☝🏻 > CARDIO > Flashcards

CARDIO Flashcards

1
Q

Innermost later of heart

A

Tunica Intima

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2
Q

2nd layer of heart, composed of smooth muscle

A

Tunica Media

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3
Q

Outermost layer of heart

A

Tunica externa

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4
Q

ANONG LAYER LANG MAKIKITA SA CAPILLARIES

A

TUNICA INTIMA

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5
Q

WHO CREATE PULSES

A

ARTERIES

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6
Q

WHO CREATE PULSES

A

ARTERIES

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7
Q

ONLY SHOCK NA DEC AND HR

SHOCK RELATED TO BLOOD VESSEL

SHOCK RELATED TO BLOOD VOL

A

NEUROGENIC

DISTRIBUTIVE/CIRCULATORY SHOCK

HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK

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8
Q

NORMAL BLOOD LEVEL IN HEART

SHOCK NA POSITIONING IS INEFFECTIVE

A

5-6 L

OBSTRUCTIVE

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9
Q

PULSES GRADING (0-+4)

TAWAG SA CLOT NA DI NA NADIDISSOLVE

A

O- absent
+1 weak
+2 normal
+3 inc
+4 bounding

THROMBUS

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10
Q

ANEURYSM ARTERIAL OR VENOUS PROB

2 ARTERIAL INSUFFIENCY PROB

2 VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY

ARTERY OR VENOUS PROB SA BUERGER’s?

A

ARTERIAL

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS OBLITERANS
RAYNAUD’s

VARICOSE
DVT

BOTH

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11
Q

SCLEROSIS MEANS

A

HARDENING

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12
Q

CARDIOMYOPATHY
1. Type na rx factor is viral, alcohol, pregnancy
2. Type na rx factor is autosomal dominant 50%
3. What type ung infiltration of fibrous and adipose tissue

A
  1. Dilated
  2. Hypertrophic, Arrhythmogenic, Restrictive
  3. Arrhythmogenic
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13
Q

CARDIOMYOPATHY
1. What type ung binablock ni aorta lahat ng oxygenated blood
2. What type ung rigid and may emboli
3. What type ung may fibrosis and necrosis

A
  1. Hypertrophic
  2. Restrictive
  3. Dilated
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14
Q

2 sx ng dilated cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy sx

CARDIOMYOPATHY general sx

A

2 sx ng dilated cardiomyopathy

Asymptomatic

  • Low O2
  • HF sx
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15
Q

Normal BNP? Severe level?

Bat bawal strenous activity sa cardiomyopathy

A

<100 ; >900

Aggravate ung pagkaipit ng aorta

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16
Q

San pede magka AORTIC ANEURYSM and anong maririnig and feel

A

Thoracic AA and Abdmonal AA

Thrill and bruit

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17
Q

AA
1. main rx factor
2. Pain reliever ba binibigay

A
  1. High bp
  2. Narcotics
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18
Q

AA types and mngt
1. Descending/ Baba
2. Ascending

A
  1. Type B- control BP
  2. Type A- surgery
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19
Q

AA types of severe pain (impending sign of rupture)
1. Ascending
2. Thoracic
3. Abd

A
  1. Severe chest pain
  2. Severe epigastric pain
  3. Severe low back pain
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20
Q

Choose if Arterial or Venous insufficiency
1. Leg pain
2. Dark cyanotic pigmented thick skin
3. Small but deep ulcer w well circumscribed edges
4. No granulation tissues
5. Normal pulse
6. Pale thin skin
7. Elevate position
8. With edema
9. W intermittent claudication (more painful)
10. Ischemia
11. Congestion and phlebitis

A
  1. Both
  2. V
  3. A
  4. A
  5. A
  6. A
  7. V
  8. V
  9. A
  10. A
  11. V
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21
Q

DVT and Buerger’s other term

A

Venous thromboembolism
Thromboangitis obliterans

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22
Q

DVT and Buerger’s other term

A

Venous thromboembolism
Thromboangitis obliterans

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23
Q

Anong dse lang and UE ang affected

A

Raynaud’s

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24
Q

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS OBLITERANS
1. Etio
2. More common gender
3. Best dependent position
4. Meds

A
  1. Plaque hardening
  2. Men
  3. R. Trendelenburg
  4. Cilostazol and antiplatelet
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25
Q
  1. Sound if sira valves, inc turbulence in blood flow inside heart
  2. AV valve sound
  3. SL valve
  4. S3 sound
  5. S4 sound
A
  1. Murmur
  2. S1 lub
  3. S2 dub
  4. Ventricular gallop (lub dub dub)
  5. Atrial systole (lub lub dub)
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26
Q
  1. Inability of valves to close completely w V. Regurgitation
  2. Inability of valves to open completely
  3. Bulging/ballooning of mitral onto left atrium
A
  1. Valvular insufficiency
  2. Valvular stenosis
  3. Mitral valve prolapse
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27
Q

Mitral valve prolapse 2 sx

A
  1. Mitral regurgitation
  2. Dysthymias (systolic/ mitral click)
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28
Q

Compression of heart Caused by fluid collecting in pericardial sac

A

CARDIAC TAMPONADE

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29
Q

CARDIAC TAMPONADE cause ng acute and chronic

A

Acute- trauma, Chronic- Pericarditis

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30
Q

CARDIAC TAMPONADE ECG and TX

A

QRS complexes
Pericardiocentesis

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31
Q

Abnormally dilated tortous superficial veins dahil incompetent ung valves so irreversible

A

VARICOSE VEINS

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32
Q

VARICOSE VEINS prevention

A

Elevate, compression stocking

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33
Q

VARICOSE VEINS treatments
1. Vein is sini sealed/didikit
2. Uses laser fiber tips
3. Removal of superficial varicosity
4. Injection of chemical
5. For large veins using gen anes
6. Uses local anes

A
  1. Thermal ablation
  2. Laser therapy
  3. Microphlebectomy
  4. Sclerotherapy
  5. Ligation and stripping
  6. Ambulatory phlebectomy
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34
Q

Post op instruction after varicose veins interventions

A

Early ambulation

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35
Q

clot in deep veins (etio: Virchow’s triad)

A

DVT

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36
Q

Virchow’s triad

A
  1. Hypercoaguability
  2. Endothelial wall damage
  3. Venous stasis
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37
Q

Assessing Homan’s sign consideration

A

Wag ulitin (dislodge)

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38
Q

DVT def test

A

Angiography

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39
Q

DVT if may pulmonary embolism na intervention

A
  1. Semi F
  2. Low flow 02
  3. Report
40
Q

Arterial vasospasm, blue-white-red dse

A

RAYNAUD’s

41
Q

RAYNAUD’s
1. Upper or lower extremities
2. Pede babad hand sa heat?
3. Iwasan ang anything na nagpapa __
4. DOC
5. Phenomenon causes

A
  1. Eto lang ang upper
  2. No (disturbed sensory perception)
  3. Nagpapa vasoconstrict
  4. Diltiazem
  5. RA, SLE, SCLERODERMA
42
Q

Scleroderma CREST syndrome

A
  1. Calcinosis
  2. Raynaud’s phenomenon
  3. Esophageal dysmotility
  4. Syndactyly
  5. Telangiectasia
43
Q

Aka thromboangitis obliterans where both arterial and venous insufficiency

A

BUERGER’s

44
Q

BUERGER’s
1. No. 1 rx factor
2. Common to what gender
3. anything na nagpapa__ is bawal
4. Massage pede?
5. Cross leg pede?

A
  1. Smoking
  2. Men
  3. Vasoconstrict
  4. No
  5. No
45
Q

ENDOCARDITIS
1. 2 types
2. Causes
3. Sx
4. Rx for what shocks

A
  1. Infective (mc). Noninfective (inflammation lang)
  2. Dental visits, GABHS, heart surgeries
  3. FROM JANE (fever. roth spots. Osler nodes. Murmur. Janeway lesions. Anemia. Nail bed/splinter/ hemorrhage. Emboli)
  4. Cardiogenic and septic shock
46
Q

ENDOCARDITIS
1. Consideration prior dental visits
2. Antibac of choice
3. Bat green ung vegetation
4. Oral care instruction

A
  1. Prophylaxis
  2. Penicillin, if wala erythro, amox or azithro
  3. May pus, platelets, fibrin, microthrombi, WBC
  4. Brush 2x a day NO FLOSSING
47
Q

PERICARDITIS
1. Type of chest pain
2. compli and its triad

A
  1. Pericardial chest pain (at 4th ICS Left parasternal, worsens at deep Inspiration relieved pag orthopneic position. Creaky/ scratchy/ grating/ leathery sound)
  2. Cardiac tamponade aka pericardial effusion (jugular vein distention. Muffled heart sounds. Pulsus paradoxus)
48
Q

PERICARDITIS
1. Cause
2. Drug
3. Drain fluid sa heart sac

A
  1. HAIR (heart attack/MI. Autoimmune dses. Infection. Renal failure)
  2. Indomethacin and ASA. Prednisone if severe na
  3. Pericardiocentesis
49
Q

HYPERTENSION
1. Anong organs affected
2. How to Confirm the dx
3. Kilala as__ bc__
4. Sx

A
  1. Multi organ dysfxn
  2. 2 consecutive readings 1 wk apart. SBP +30, DBP +15
  3. Silent killer, asymptomatic
  4. Head ache, dizziness, epistaxis, angina, retinopathy
50
Q

HYPERTENSION
1. Ecg
2. value ng elevated, stage 1 &2, HPN crisis
3. 2 Labs
4. Oral contraceptives nakaka cause?
5. Nationality cause

A
  1. Tall R peaks
  2. Elevated: 120-129/80 or less. Stage 1: 130-139/80-89. Stage 2: 140/90. HPN crisis: 180/120
  3. BNP and Cholesterol panel
  4. Yes
  5. African American
51
Q

HYPERTENSION
1. Ace inhibitors SE
2. Beta blockers caution 4B’s
3. Short acting and long acting ng CCB
4. Diuretics given at sino ung pang maintenance

A
  1. ACE (angioedema, cough, electrolytes imbalance: low NA, high K)
  2. Bradycardia, Bp low, breathing probs, blood sugar high)
  3. Long acting is diltiazem and verapamil, dipines short acting
  4. Spironolactone. Furosemide, Hydroclothiazide (maintenance), Metazone
52
Q

HYPERTENSION
1. Hydralazine and NTG bawal ibigay together with?
2. 2 anticlogging and considerations
3. Nag dizzy gagawin

A
  1. Viagra/sildenafil
  2. Antiplatelets ASA and clopidogrel (bleeding). Statins (liver toxic NO grapefruit)
  3. Check BP bc pede rin hypotension
53
Q

HYPERTENSION
1. ARBS how to take
2. Acts on alpha 2 centrally acting and SE
3. -zosins consideration

A
  1. W meals (GI toxic)
  2. Clonidine methyldopa (drowsy so bedtime take)
  3. NO warm shower. NO prolonged standing bc nakaka orthostatic hypotension
54
Q

Choose between MI and Angina
1. Reversible
2. Timing more than 30 mins
3. Rest and NTG relieving factors
4. Pede atypical (no sx) like in elders
5. Radiates to left shoulder, arm, neck, jaw
6. Common to men

A
  1. A
  2. M
  3. A
  4. M
  5. Both
  6. Both
55
Q

Types of angina and mngt
1. No sx
2. Levine sign
3. Atherosclerosis/ pre infarction
4. Inc cardiac workload
5. Dt coronary vasospasm

A
  1. Silent ischemia
  2. Intractable
  3. Unstable: NTG and O2
  4. Stable: rest and SEMI F
  5. Prinzmetal: NTG and O2
56
Q

CAD Common artery affected

A

LEFT ANTERIOR DESCENDING BRANCH

57
Q

MI ECG
1. Injury
2. Infarction
3. Ischemia
4. Old MI/scar

A
  1. ST depression
  2. ST elevation (early)
  3. T wave inversion
  4. Pathologic Q wave
58
Q

2 types of MI

A
  1. STEMI
  2. NSTEMI (atypical)
59
Q

MI cardiac enzyme/markers
1. Most specific
2. Most reliable/ sensitive, 2nd na tataas
3. Pinakalate tataas
4. PROTEIN NA Unang tataas (2 hrs)
5. Taken q 6h, Tells if panecrosis nang panecrosis
6. Non specific kasi released din ng skeletal muscles

A
  1. CK MB
  2. Troponin
  3. LDH
  4. MYOGLOBIN
  5. CK MB
  6. LDH & TOTAL CK
60
Q

MI
1. when continue ang therapies
2. Avoid what med

A
  1. Depende sa cardiac rehab if kaya na ng 2 flights of stairs with NO SOB
  2. NSAIDS
61
Q

AFTER MI meds

A
  1. Heparin, antiplatelets like ASA and clopidogrel, statins
  2. BB
  3. CCB
  4. DILATORS like nitroprusside, NTG, Hydralazine
62
Q

Discharge meds MI

A
  1. Ace as first choice
  2. ARBS
63
Q

ANGINA
1. Med for chronic angina
2. Rx fo cardiogenic shock what position
3. avoid__
4. Surgical intervention

A
  1. Ranolazine
  2. Modified tren
  3. Valsava maneuver and lifting
  4. percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
64
Q

Cath Lab
1. included dito na surgeries
2. May contrast?
3. 3 Affected
4. Hrs ng NPO

A
  1. Angiography, angiogram, CABG
  2. Yes
  3. Kidney (crea >1.3 bad. Urine <30 ml/h bad. STOP metformin before and after. Pulse (diminished 4-12h). Bleeding
  4. 6-12 hrs
65
Q

Compli ng MI and prio intervention

A
  1. HF- IV diuretics
  2. Cardiogenic shock- defib (- pulse) or cardioversion (+ pulse)
66
Q

anong NTG form if unstable and stable angina

A
  1. Unstable angina- NITRO PATCH (1x daily, yes shower, rotate loc daily, no sa hairy callous skin, nalaglag? Tane nitro pill/spray and new patch 40-60 mins. Loc is sa subclavian/arm,upperchest)
  2. Stable- pill/spray (take before strenous exercise, replace q 6 mos, no sa pocket yes sa purse
67
Q

CABG
1. veins bawal
2. type of anes

A
  1. Subclavian/ jugular dat ung di masyadong need
  2. General anes bc open heart surgery
68
Q

MNGT FOR MI

A

MONA TASS
1. Morphine (constipation
2. O2
3. NTG
4. antiplatelet (ASA)
5. Thrombolytics
6. Anticoag
7. Stool softener
8. Sedatives

69
Q

2 stress tests and considerations

A
  1. Treadmill stress test (stop of chest pain and ST elevation)
  2. Nuclear Pharmacological stress test (24-48h before bawal stimulants and meds tas NPO 4 h before and after
70
Q

VALVE DISORDERS
1. CAUSE
2. meds
3. 3 surgeries
4. Avoid__
5. 4 types

A
  1. Anything damages the heart
  2. Anticoag, antiplatelet, NTG
  3. Valvular replacement. Valve replacement. Valvuloplasty
  4. Dental procedures 6 mos after
  5. Aortic Stenosis. Mitral stenosis. Aortic regurgitation. Mitral regurgitation.
71
Q

Compensations of valve disorders

A
  1. VS- cardiomegaly and murmur
  2. MVP- cardiomegaly and systolic/mitral click
72
Q

HF
1. no. 1 rx factor
2. RSHF cause
3. LSHF cause

A
  1. HPN
  2. Non cardiac (pulmonary embolism, pulmonary HPN, LSHF)
  3. Cardiac (MI, CAD AND ACS)
73
Q

Hemodynamic monitoring normal values and what type of catheter

A

2-8 mmHg. Swan Ganz Pulmonary Artery catheter

74
Q

HF: Pulmonary edema crisis intervention

A

HOPE
1. HOB 45 or higher/ orthopneic
2. O2
3. Push furo + morphine + positive inotropes
4. End sodium (oral and IV)

75
Q

ABCDDD na nagpapa dec ng cardiac workload

A
  1. ACE and ARBS
  2. BB
  3. CCB
  4. DIGOXIN
  5. DILATORS
  6. DIURETICS
76
Q

Considerations in giving ACE

A
  • avoid preg
  • Angioedema
  • Cough
  • Elec imbalance (HIGH K, low Na)
77
Q

Considerations in giving BBs

ARBS

A
  • 4B’s
  • Bradycardia
  • Blood sugar high
  • Breathing probs
  • Bad for HF pts
  • ++ Avoid pregnant and elec imbalance din
  • GI toxic—w meals
78
Q

Considerations in giving CCB

A
  • dec HR sila ni ARBS si ACE lang hindi
  • Diltiazem and verapamil are long acting
  • Dipines are short acting
79
Q

Considerations in giving Diuretics

A
  • K wasting (furosemide, Hydrochlothiazide, Metolazone) eat high in K like fruits and green leafy
  • K wasting ass for sulfonamide hyper sensitivity
  • Spironolactone (K sparing) avoid salt substitutes
80
Q

Considerations in giving Dilators (NTG, Hydralazine, Nitroprusside, Isosorbide)

A
  • Amber color
  • No viagra/sildenafil
  • X stock marami dali expire usually 6 mos, No pocket yes purse. 3 tabs x 5 mins
81
Q

Considerations in giving Digoxin

A
  • inotropic and (-) chronotropic so check BP and dec HR
  • BAWAL SABAY sa BB and Amiodarone (dec HR)
  • Apical pulse. Withold <60
  • Toxic >2
  • Potassium <3.5 toxic (nagretain digo)
  • Vanda SE (Vision, Anorexia, NV, Diarrhea, Arrhythmia)
  • Digibind
82
Q

S3 and S4 seen at?

A

S3- C H F
S4- Hypertension (syllable)

83
Q

HF classes (1-4)

A

Class 1: no limitation
Class 2: slight
Class 3: marked
Class 4: sx present even at rest

84
Q

EKG and tx: Less than 60 bpm

A

Sinus Bradycardia. Atropine ONLY if c sx

85
Q

EKG and tx: QRS no P wave

A

Vfib. Defib & LAP (Lidocaine, Amiodarone, Procainamide)

86
Q

EKG and tx: tombstone pattern

A

Vtach. Defib if NO PULSE, WITH PULSE (Cardioversion)

87
Q

EKG and tx: No P wave

A

Afib. Cardioversion, Digoxin, Warfarin

88
Q

EKG and tx: sawTooTh

A

Atrial flutter. Same mngt c Afib

89
Q

EKG and tx: Superfast

A

Supraventricular tachycardia.
1. Vagal maneuver (cause ng bradycardia)
2. RAPID PUSH OF ADENOSINE
3. cardioversion

90
Q

EKG and tx: Dt low Mg

A

Torsades de Pointes. Magsul

91
Q

EKG and tx: Flatlined

A

Aystole. Epi/Atropine + CPR (❌defib)

92
Q

Key terms
1. P wave
2. QRS wave
3. Chaotic/unorganized
4. Bizarre
5. Sawtooth

A
  1. Atrial
  2. Ventricular
  3. Fibrillation
  4. Tachycardia
  5. Flutter
93
Q

seconds ng EKG
1. PR interval
2. QRS

A
  1. 0.10-0.20
  2. <0.12
94
Q

Heart sounds memory trick
All Pigs Eat Too Much

A
  1. AORTIC (2nd ICS, R sternal)
  2. PULMONIC (2nd ICS, L sternal)
  3. ERB’S (3rd ICS, L sternal)
  4. TRICUSPID (3-4th ICS, L sternal)
  5. MITRAL (5th ICS, MIdclavicular)
95
Q

5 EKG placement
1. black
2. Red
3. White
4. Green
5. Brown

A
  1. LU
  2. LL
  3. RU
  4. RL
  5. Middle
96
Q

12 Lead ECG placement placement

A

V1 4th ICS RIGHT of the sternum
V2 4th ICS LEFT of the sternum
V3 between V1 &2
V4 5th ICS MIDCLAVICULAR line Mitral
level with
V5 level with V4 at LEFT ANTERIOR AXILLARY line
V6 level with V5 at left MIDAXILLARY line (directly under the midpoint of the armpit)
V4R 5th ICS, RIGHT midclavicular line

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