Obesity & Starvation

Question 1

Identify the energy components of energy expenditure in humans.

Answer 1

Basal Metabolism (50-65%) - resting state
(included body temperature maintenance, breathing, heart beat, cellular activities)

Thermic Effect (10%) - energy expended in order to consume and process food

Physical activities (30-50%) greatest variability depending on a person’s activity level

Question 2

Define basal metabolism.

Answer 2

Basal Metabolism (50-65%) - resting state
includes:
body temperature maintenance
breathing
heart beat
cellular activities

*The more a person weighs the more total energy is expended on BM (energy per pound is likely lower)x

Question 3

List the factors that influence basal metabolic rate.

Answer 3

Age
Height (thin, tall people have higher BMR)
Growth
Body composition/Gender
fever
stresses
environmental temperature
fasting/starvation (lowers BMR)
malnutrition (lowers BMR)
hormones
smoking/caffeine (increases energy expenditure)
sleep (BMR is lowest when sleeping)

Question 4

List multiple influences of hunger, satiation, satiety.

Answer 4

physiological influences
sensory influences
cognitive influences
postingestive influences
postabsorption influences

Question 5

Compare and contrast different types of body fat.

Answer 5

Deep visceral fat - apple shape
Subcutaneous fat - pear shape

Brown Fat - much smaller fat droplets and is specialized to burn, yielding heat

• burns more calories
• packed with mitochondria
• constitutive BAT (cBAT)
• recruitable BAT (rBAT)

White Fat - large fat droplets

• few mitochondria
• large lipid volume

Question 6

What is essential fat associated with?

Answer 6

bone marrow
central nervous system
internal organs

Question 7

Where are high LPL (lipoprotein lipase) activities found in women? men?

Answer 7

women - breasts, hips, thighs

men - abdomen

Question 8

What happens after weight loss to LPL activity?

Answer 8

LPL activity increases

- why most people regain weight

Question 9

List the 6 main causes of obesity.

Answer 9

Genetics/Epigenetics
Environmental
Cultural
Behavioral
Socioeconomic
Psychological

Question 10

What are two genetic/epigenetic causes of obesity?

Answer 10

Prader-Willi
-one characteristic is an insatiable appetite which leads to chronic overeating and obesity

Leptin (LEP/OB)
-leptin signals sufficient energy stores and suppresses appetite

-mutations in leptin gene or encoding its receptor have insatiable appetites and become obese

Question 11

What is the principal cause of hunger?

What else is viewed as a current and future cause of hunger and poverty?

Answer 11

poverty

climate change

Question 12

What is the poverty-obesity paradox?

Answer 12

The highest rates of obesity occur among those living in the greatest poverty.

Healthy food choices are not readily available in low-income neighborhoods.

Question 13

Define a food desert.

Answer 13

- parts of the country vapid of fresh fruit, vegetables and healthful whole foods
Due to lack of:
- grocery store
- farmer's market
- healthy food providers

Question 14

Compare fasting and starvation.

Answer 14

Fasting -people choose not to eat

Starvation - people have no choice

Question 15

What is broken down during fasting?

Answer 15

muscle

liver

Question 16

How would you look for signs of fasting?

Answer 16

Elevated BUN levels show signs of protein degradation

Question 17

What are causes of starvation?

Answer 17

Medical:
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Celiac disease
Coma
Depression
Diabetes
Digestive disorders
Vomiting

Circumstantial:
Famine
Fasting
Poverty

Question 18

What are symptoms of starvation?

Answer 18

wasting
slow heart rate
slowed respiration
slowed metabolism
lowered body temperature
impaired vision
organ failure
reduced resistance to disease
depression 
anxiety

Question 19

Define eating disorder?

Answer 19

disturbances in eating behavior that jeopardize a person’s physical or psychological health

Question 20

What is disordered eating?

Answer 20

eating behaviors that are neither normal or healthy, including restrained eating, fasting, binge eating, and purging.

Question 21

Define anorexia nervosa.

Answer 21

Eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight and a distortion in perception of body shape and weight

Question 22

Define bulimia nervosa.

Answer 22

Eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating usually followed by self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives or diuretics, fasting or excessive exercise

Question 23

What are some tips for combating eating disorders?

Answer 23

• never restrict food amounts below suggested USDA guidelines
• eat frequently to avoid allowing hunger to dictate food choices
• establish reasonable weight goals
• allow a reasonable time to achieve the weight goal
• establish a weight maintenance group

For athletes/dancers

• make performance-based goals
• restrict weight-loss activities to the off-season
• focus on proper nutrition