Cell Adaptation Flashcards
Define etiology.
Cause of disease
Development of disease.
Pathogenesis
Label or name disease
Diagnosis
Prediction
Prognosis
Damage; length of disability
Morbidity
Who is the father of pathology?
Virchow
What two things do cells do when they are exposed to stress?
adapt or die
Define atrophy
cell shrinkage
Define hypertrophy
increase in size of cells and/or the organ (e.g. heart)
Define hyperplasia
increase in number of cells in any organ/tissue; division
What are three etiologies of hyperplasia?
physiologic
compensatory (trauma)
pathologic
Prolonged hormonal stimulation can lead to?
BPH, fibroids
Viral infection by papillomavirus are example of what type of hyperplasia?
pathologic hyperplasia
List two pathogenesis causes of hypertrophy.
increased functional demand hormonal stimulation (eg. thyroxin - thyroid medicine)
Low thyroid hormone causes (increase/decrease) in size of heart.
decrease
Shrinkage in the size of cells by loss of structural components caused by?
decreased work load loss of innervation diminished blood supply (vascular disease) inadequate nutrition loss of endocrine stimulation
Define metaplasia.
Reversible change in which one adult epithelial type is replaced by another adult type of epithelium. (columnar to squamous)
Define dysplasia.
Cells have undergone atypical cytological alterations involving cell size, shape and orientation.
Define neoplasia.
uncontrolled growth (eg. squamous cell carcinoma) [image]
An example of compensatory hyperplasia due to trauma is?
callus
What is the human life expectancy?
105 years
Name two main factors that determine aging.
Genetic factors
environmental factors
Chaperone ubiquitin-protease
phagocytize incorrectly folded protein
Exposure to exogenous materials can accentuate aging by what process?
Intracellular accumulations exogenous materials
Define anthracosis.
carbon pigment in lung
Where do carbon pigments circulate to?
hilar lymph nodes
List 6 examples of intracellular accumulations.
lipofuscin melanin iron calcium fat bilirubin
Chronic cor pulmonale is characterized by
dilated and hypertrophied ventricle
Multiple transfusions lead to what type of deposition?
hemosiderin deposition
Where does hemosiderin deposition occur?
kupfer cells of the liver
What is hemosiderosis?
excess deposits of iron
What controls calcium levels?
parathyroid
Differentiate between metastatic calcification and dystrophic calcification.
Metastic - occurs in normal tissue
Dystrophic - occurs in dead or injured tissue
Liver will undergo a fatty metamorphisis due to:
fatty meal
alcoholism
obesity
What is bilirubin an accumulation of? due to?
bile salt due to occlusion of hepatic duct or common bile duct
A patient with chronic cough and a 2 pack smoker for the past 30 years. Biopsy shows squamous metaplasia. What is the most appropriate interpretation?
irritant effect (metaplasia)
cancer - neoplasia
Man in involved in MVA. Left femoral artery is lacerated. Hematocrit is 12%. Which of the following tissues is most likely to withstand the impact?
skeletal muscle
What is hematocrit?
volume of RBCs in blood
End of normal menstrual cycle, the endometrium sloughs. Exam shows cellular fragmentation. What triggers upregulation of BCL2 in these endometrial cells?
decreased estrogen
