Cell Adaptation

Question 1

Define etiology.

Answer 1

Cause of disease

Question 2

Development of disease.

Answer 2

Pathogenesis

Question 3

Label or name disease

Answer 3

Diagnosis

Question 4

Prediction

Answer 4

Prognosis

Question 5

Damage; length of disability

Answer 5

Morbidity

Question 6

Who is the father of pathology?

Answer 6

Virchow

Question 7

What two things do cells do when they are exposed to stress?

Answer 7

adapt or die

Question 8

Define atrophy

Answer 8

cell shrinkage

Question 9

Define hypertrophy

Answer 9

increase in size of cells and/or the organ (e.g. heart)

Question 10

Define hyperplasia

Answer 10

increase in number of cells in any organ/tissue; division

Question 11

What are three etiologies of hyperplasia?

Answer 11

physiologic
compensatory (trauma)
pathologic

Question 12

Prolonged hormonal stimulation can lead to?

Answer 12

BPH, fibroids

Question 13

Viral infection by papillomavirus are example of what type of hyperplasia?

Answer 13

pathologic hyperplasia

Question 14

List two pathogenesis causes of hypertrophy.

Answer 14

increased functional demand
hormonal stimulation (eg. thyroxin - thyroid medicine)

Question 15

Low thyroid hormone causes (increase/decrease) in size of heart.

Answer 15

decrease

Question 16

Shrinkage in the size of cells by loss of structural components caused by?

Answer 16

decreased work load
loss of innervation
diminished blood supply (vascular disease)
inadequate nutrition
loss of endocrine stimulation

Question 17

Define metaplasia.

Answer 17

Reversible change in which one adult epithelial type is replaced by another adult type of epithelium. (columnar to squamous)

Question 18

Define dysplasia.

Answer 18

Cells have undergone atypical cytological alterations involving cell size, shape and orientation.

Question 19

Define neoplasia.

Answer 19

uncontrolled growth (eg. squamous cell carcinoma) [image]

Question 20

An example of compensatory hyperplasia due to trauma is?

Answer 20

callus

Question 21

What is the human life expectancy?

Answer 21

105 years

Question 22

Name two main factors that determine aging.

Answer 22

Genetic factors

environmental factors

Question 23

Chaperone ubiquitin-protease

Answer 23

phagocytize incorrectly folded protein

Question 24

Exposure to exogenous materials can accentuate aging by what process?

Answer 24

Intracellular accumulations exogenous materials

Question 25

Define anthracosis.

Answer 25

carbon pigment in lung

Question 26

Where do carbon pigments circulate to?

Answer 26

hilar lymph nodes

Question 27

List 6 examples of intracellular accumulations.

Answer 27

``` lipofuscin melanin iron calcium fat bilirubin ```

Question 28

Chronic cor pulmonale is characterized by

Answer 28

dilated and hypertrophied ventricle

Question 29

Multiple transfusions lead to what type of deposition?

Answer 29

hemosiderin deposition

Question 30

Where does hemosiderin deposition occur?

Answer 30

kupfer cells of the liver

Question 31

What is hemosiderosis?

Answer 31

excess deposits of iron

Question 32

What controls calcium levels?

Answer 32

parathyroid

Question 33

Differentiate between metastatic calcification and dystrophic calcification.

Answer 33

Metastic - occurs in normal tissue | Dystrophic - occurs in dead or injured tissue

Question 34

Liver will undergo a fatty metamorphisis due to:

Answer 34

fatty meal alcoholism obesity

Question 35

What is bilirubin an accumulation of? due to?

Answer 35

bile salt due to occlusion of hepatic duct or common bile duct

Question 36

A patient with chronic cough and a 2 pack smoker for the past 30 years. Biopsy shows squamous metaplasia. What is the most appropriate interpretation?

Answer 36

irritant effect (metaplasia) | cancer - neoplasia

Question 37

Man in involved in MVA. Left femoral artery is lacerated. Hematocrit is 12%. Which of the following tissues is most likely to withstand the impact?

Answer 37

skeletal muscle

Question 38

What is hematocrit?

Answer 38

volume of RBCs in blood

Question 39

End of normal menstrual cycle, the endometrium sloughs. Exam shows cellular fragmentation. What triggers upregulation of BCL2 in these endometrial cells?

Answer 39

decreased estrogen