Diabetes

Question 1

What is the trend in diabetes mellitus?

Answer 1

increased; increased 76% in 30 yo

Question 2

What happens with low glucose in normal individual?

Answer 2

insulin decrease; glucagon secretion increases

Question 3

What cells in the pancreas produce insulin?

Answer 3

Islets of Langerhans

Beta cells

Question 4

What is diabetes insipidis?

Answer 4

slide

Question 5

What is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 5

inability to produce insulin

Question 6

What is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 6

slide

Question 7

What activates release of insulin?

Answer 7

food

hormone

Question 8

What inhibits release of insulin?

Answer 8

exercise

neural influences

Question 9

What is insulin resitance?

Answer 9

decreased ability of liver, adipose, muscle to respond to normal levels of insulin

Question 10

What biochemical damage occurs in diabetes?

Answer 10

Macrovascular complications

Microvascular

Question 11

What specific tissues are sensitive to damage?

Answer 11

capially endothelial in retina
renal mesangial glomerulus
Schwann cells in peripheral nerves

Question 12

Describe Polyol pathway.

Answer 12

Enzyme aldose reductase reduces toxic aldehydes to sugar alcohols (slide)

Question 13

Too much sorbitol changes

Answer 13

osmotic pressure; burning up NADPH

Question 14

What are AGEs (Advanced Glycation Endproducts)?

Answer 14

low molecular weight
easily diffuse out of cells
crosslink with two proteins that can no longer be used or recycled

Question 15

If proteins are crosslinked by AGEs, what is affected?

Answer 15

gene regulators
signaling
circulating proteins (complement, albumin)

Question 16

What is Hemoglobin A1C?

Answer 16

long term glucose damage

Question 17

A1C is reversible. (T/F)

Answer 17

False

Question 18

What is a RAGE?

Answer 18

receptor for advanced glycation endproducts

any sugar can produce RAGE

Question 19

Describe hyperglycemia induced protein kinase C (PKC) activation.

Answer 19

slide

extra glucose activates DAG which activated other signaling moleculres

Question 20

How does excess glucose increase hexosamine pathway?

Answer 20

glucose is shunted into hexosamine pathway ;
protein can be stuck in active form is N-acetyl glucosamine is added (instead of phosphorylation)

can lead to long (relisten)

Question 21

How can too much glucose cause damage?

Answer 21

too much reactive oxygen species

Question 22

Which enzyme is key breaking point?

Answer 22

GAPDH (Glyceraldehyde-3-P-dehydrogenase

involved in the 4 pathways