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CMBM 3 > Micronutrients II - Vitamins > Flashcards

Micronutrients II - Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of vitamins?

A

cofactors for enzymes

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2
Q

How many essential vitamins?

A

13

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3
Q

What are vitamins typically used for?

A

cofactors for enzymes
(not catabolized to CO2 and H2O like macronutrients)
(organic)

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4
Q

What type of vitamins cause problems in excess?

A

lipid soluble

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5
Q

List the 4 lipid soluble vitamins.

A

Vit A, D, E, K

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6
Q

List the 9 water soluble vitamins.

A 
thiamin
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pantothenic Acid (B5)
Pyridoxine B6
Biotin
Folate
Vitamin B12
Vitamin C
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7
Q

There is only one role of vitamins. (T/F)

A

False. One vitamin can have many roles.

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8
Q

What are some vitamin-like compounds?

A

inositol (phospholipids)
choline
lipoic acid (required for pyruvate ….
PQQ (pyrrologuinoline quinone

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9
Q

What is thiamine used for?

A

Coenzyme
energy metabolism
DNA/RNA synthesis

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10
Q

How are fat soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

small intestines

  • with dietary fat
  • digestive enzymes from pancreas help
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11
Q

How are fat soluble vitamins transported and stored?

A

transported by specific binding proteins
liver
lipoproteins/fat droplets

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12
Q

What are the specific differences between Vit A, D, E, K?

A

Source
A - animal and plant
D - fish , mushroom, milk
E - plants
K - plants
Function
A - growth, reproduction, vision
D- calcium homeo, bone, cell differentiation
E- antioxidant, cell membrane, eye, heart
K- coenzymem, blood clotting, bone, tooth

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13
Q

What family of molecules make up vitamin A?

A

mixture of retinoids

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14
Q

What is the importance of Vitamin A?

A

gene regulation, neuronal signaling

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15
Q

What happens with excess vitamin A?

A

birth defects (teratogenic), blurred vision, liver damage

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16
Q

How should your source of vitamin A come from?

A

dietary b-carotene safer source

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17
Q

What can carry Vitamin A in the blood?

A

albumin

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18
Q

What is vitamin A required for in the eye? consequence

A

physical structure of eye; xerophthalmia

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19
Q

What consequences for Accutane?

A

birth defects; drug can stay in systems for month

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20
Q

What the Vitamin A RDA for men? women?

A

Men - 900 ug/day

Women - 700 ug/day

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21
Q

Vitamin A deficiency is a world-wide problem. How many preschool children are blinded

A

250,000 - 500,000

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22
Q

What does deficiency of Vitamin D lead to?

A

Rickets (children)

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23
Q

How is Vitamin D derived?

A

synthesized in skin when UV light is present

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24
Q

What is the synthesis process of Vitamin D? end product?

A

calcitrol

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25
Q

What is the group of related lipids involved in control of Ca2+?

A

D3

1,25-dihyroxycholecalciferol

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26
Q

What vitamin seems to be a general deficiency in the U.S. population?

A

Vitamin D

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27
Q

What does excess vitamin D lead to?

A

local tissue toxification due to calcification in tissue

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28
Q

There is a link between vitamin D deficiency to which diseases?

A

diabetes, autoimmune disease, cardiovascular, cancer

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29
Q

What group of molecules make up vitamin K?

A

phylloquinones;
K1 - green leafy vegetables
K2 - menaquinone - made by bacteria in intestines
K3 - menadione -artificial, made commercially

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30
Q

What inhibits vitamin K?

A

coumarin/warfarin (discovered due to cattle eating sweet clover hay and hemorrhaging)

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31
Q

What does coumarin inhibit specifically?

A

vitamin K epoxide reductase

32
Q

What is the importance of thiamine?

A

helps form and break C-C bonds; heavily involved in carbohydrate metabolism

33
Q

What is thiamine deficiency?

A

Beriberi disease;

34
Q

What results from Beriberi disease?

A

insufficient ATP production, muscle wasting, CNS damage, edema

35
Q

In whom is Beriberi disease seen?

A

sailors

alcoholics

36
Q

What is the RDA for thiamine?

A

1.2 mg/day

37
Q

What is Wernicke syndrome?

A

thiamine deficiency; associated with chronic alcoholism

38
Q

Korsakoff encephalopathy

A

severed thiamine deficiency involving CNS

Wernicke already in place so Wernicke-Korsakoff -WK- irreversible short term memory loss

39
Q

What is the function of Riboflavin?

A

used for electron transfer,

usually cofactors of enzymes, oxygenases, oxidoreductase

40
Q

Clinically what do you see in riboflavin deficiency?

A

glossitis, cracking of tissues are the lips (cheilossis)

normacytic anemia

41
Q

Riboflavis is heat stable but ____ sensitive.

A

light

42
Q

What is niacin used for?

A

nicotinic acid is precursor for NAD

43
Q

What does deficiency in niacin show physically?

A

pellagra (Casal’s necklace)

often on back of neck

44
Q

What is the RDA for niacin?

quantified as niacin equivalents (NE)

A

Men - 16 mg NE/day

Women - 14 mg NE/day

45
Q

What clinical symptoms do you see in niacin deficiency?

A

fatique, headache, apathy, depression, memory loss, dementia

46
Q

Excess niacin causes what symptoms?

A

flushin, burning of face, arms, chest

stomach irritation

47
Q

How does niacin lower cholesterol?

A

activates G-protein coupled receptor

48
Q

What is the function of pantothenic acid?

A

carry acyl chains

49
Q

Hard to differentiate Pantothenic deficiency from other B vitamins. What are some?

A

burning feet

50
Q

What family of compounds comprise Pyridoxine?

A

pyridozal phosphate,…..

51
Q

What deficiency is seen in Pyridoxine?

A

dermatitis

52
Q

What is RDA for pyridoxine?

A

1.3 mg/day

53
Q

What symptoms in deficiency of pyridoxine?

A

seizures, confusion

54
Q

What drugs can bind to pyridoxal and create deficiency?

A

penicillinamin, isozianid (treatment of cystinuris, RA)

55
Q

What is estimated RDA for biotin?

A

30 ug/day

56
Q

What synthesizes biotin?

A

gut bacteria

57
Q

What is the function of biotin?

A

carboxylase reactions in fatty acid synthesis, lipid metabolism

58
Q

What is seen in biotin deficiency?

A

impaired glucose tolerance, mental dysfunction, anorexia, dermatitis

59
Q

What is the unique feature of cyanocobalamin?

A

metal component

60
Q

How is cyanocobalamin synthesized?

A

bacteria

61
Q

What is the RDA for cyanocobalamin?

A

3 ug/day

62
Q

What enzymatic reactions is cyanocobalamin involved?

A

intramolecular rearrangements
ribonucleotide reductrace
methyl group transfers (methionine synthesis from homocysteine>

63
Q

What results in cyanocobalamin deficiency?

A

intimate interaction with folate; anemias

64
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

megaloblastic anemia due to lack of intrinsic factor secretion;
increases with aging population

65
Q

What can a B12 (cyanocobalamin) deficiency lead to?

A

elevated homocysteine levels which are linked to cardiovascular disease due to interference with collagen maturation

66
Q

What does Metformin impair?

A

uptake of B12

67
Q

What is plasma level to show deficiency in B12?

A

<148 pmol/L

68
Q

What is homocystein?

A

removed methyl from methionine

69
Q

What does elevated homocystein indicate?

A

low B6, B12 or THF

70
Q

What is the only way to absorb B12?

A

IF (intrinsic factor)

71
Q

What is folate vital for?

A

DNA synthesis

72
Q

What is RDA for Folate?

A

3 ug/day

73
Q

Single carbon transfers require?

A

folate

Vitamin B12

74
Q

Folate deficiencies result in what type of embryologic problem?

A

neural tube defects

75
Q

What is megablastic anemia?

A

caused by folate and cobalmin deficiencies

enlarge RBC

CMBM 3 (28 decks)

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