Mechanism of Inflation Flashcards
What is inflammation?
complex reaction to tissue injury -involves alteration to epithelial cells - recruits WBC -always lead to at least some tissue damage
What is inflammation usually linked to ?
elimination of microbial cause and repair of damaged tissue
What are three different categories of inflammation?
acute
chronic
allergic
What is acute inflammation?
- initial response to tissue damage regardless of cause - recruit neutrophils (infiltrate)
What is chronic inflammation?
if acute cannot clear infection - more mononuclear (lymphocyte or monocyte)cells will infiltrate
What is allergic inflammation?
kind of response associated with allergies (hay fever, allergic rhinitis) -mucosal tissue - eosinophils (and mononuclear cells)
What are some autoimmune diseases?
RA
systemic lupus
erythematosus
What are the components of inflammatory response?
endothelium
platelets
clotting factors
complement components
Connective tissue cells: - mast cells - macrophages - everywhere connective tissue matrix - elastic fibers, collagen fiber proteoglycan
Where are mast cells commonly found?
mucosal subepithelial skin
What are the common processes in inflammation?
- stimulus
- release of inflammatory mediators
- vasodilation
- increased vascular permeability
- up-regulation of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and leukocytes
- diapedesis, chemotaxis, and acivation of leukocytes
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
Rubor (redness) Tumor (swelling) Calor (heat) Dolor (pain) Functio (loss of function)
What are the causes of the cardinal signs of inflammation?
redness , warmth >>> erythema due to vascular dilation, increased blood flow
swelling >>> extravasation of plasma
-leukocyte accumulation at site of injury
pain >>> kinin stimulation of nerve fibers
What are inflammatory stimuli?
infection
trauma
physical and chemical agents
tissue necrosis
foreign bodies
immune hypersensitivities (fight against own body)
What about the stimulus leads to the response?
microorganisms have PAMPs that are detected by PRR(pathogen recognition receptors on every cell) - once recognized, damaged cells release DAMPS (damage-associated molecular pathogens) which are recognized by DRR (damage recognition receptors)
What interaction releases inflammatory mediators??
DAMPS also interact with PRR or DRRs to release inflammatory mediators
interaction of PAMPS with PRRS leads to the production of mediators by variety of cells.
What happens in a capillary when inflammation is occurring?
stimulus causes the endothelial cells to constrict to cause a gap (vasodilation) to release antibodies, complement components, platelets
What are some vasoactive mediators?
eicosanoids (PG, TX)
The upregulation of adhesion molecules will result in ?
*P-selectin - rolling (neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes)
*E-selectin - rolling & adhesion (neutrophils,monocytes, Tcell)
*ICAM-1 - (intercellular adhesion molecule for leukocytes) - attaches to LFA-1 *VCAM - adhesion of eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes -attaches to VLA4
*PCAM - expressed on both leukocyte and endothelium
Where does Sialyl-Lewis x-modified glycoprotein attach?
P-selectin
E-selectin
What are chemo attractant substances?
chemokine
complement components
What is diapedesis?
outward passage of blood cells through intact vessel walls
What are the cellular sources of inflammatory mediators?
tissue macrophages and dendritic cells
mast cells
leukocytes
endothelial cells
liver
epithelial cells
fibroblasts
keratinocytes
What inflammatory mediators are produced by the liver?
Factor XII activation
- Kinin
- coagulation
Complement activation
- C3a - anaphylatoxins
- C5a - anaphylatoxins
- C5b-9 - MAC
Review 3 complement activation pathways.
Alternate - microbe
Classical - antibody
Lectin - mannose binding lectin
