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CMBM 3 > Humoral Immune Response > Flashcards

Humoral Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

List the 5 classes of immunoglobins.

A

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD

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2
Q

What are the properties and functions of IgM?

A
  • pentamer
  • **fixes complement
  • first Ig made by fetus and B cells
  • high avidity, low affinity
  • present in colostrum and mother’s milk (but does not cross the placenta)
  • may or may not be produced during secondary immune response
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3
Q

What type of receptors on phagocytes binds IgM?

A

Fc receptors

-activates complement

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4
Q

What are the properties and functions of IgG?

A
  • monomer
  • major serum Ig (most abundant isotype in serum)
  • major immunoglobulin of secondary immune response
  • **is transported across the placenta
  • fixes the complement
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5
Q

What is the major immunoglobulin of the secondary immune response?

A

IgG

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6
Q

List the four sub-classes of IgG and how they are acquired.

A 
Cg1
Cg2
Cg3
Cg4
the differences are different constant regions of the heavy chain
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7
Q

Why does IgG have a longer lasting immune response?

A

memory

affinity maturation

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8
Q

Which Ig can be transported across the placenta?

A

IgG

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9
Q

Which Ig’s can fix the complement?

A

IgM

IgG

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10
Q

Which Ig’s are opsonins?

A

IgM

IgG

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11
Q

What two forms does IgA exist?

A

IgA1 - monomeric

IgA2 - dimeric

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12
Q

Where is IgA found?

A 
in serum and body secretions:
tears
saliva
gastric secretions
pulmonary secretions
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13
Q

What two Igs are present in colostrum and mother’s milk?

A

IgA

IgM

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14
Q

What is the purpose of IgE? structure?

A
  • Fc receptor binds to basophils & mast cells causing degranulation
  • parasitic infections (Helminths)
    structure: monomer
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15
Q

What is an important mediator in the granules?

A

histamine

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16
Q

What does histamine do?

A

increases vascular permeability which creates edema, hives

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17
Q

Where is IgD found? structure?

A

-on membrane of mature B cells (like IgM)

structure - monomer

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18
Q

What type of organisms activate the humoral response?

A

extracellular organisms

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19
Q

What are the phases of humoral response?

A

-B cell gets activated by one antigen
- B cell undergoes clonal expansion and differentiation
Two types (plasma & memory B cells)

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20
Q

Which chains on the B cell undergo rearrangement?

A

heavy chains

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21
Q

Which chain undergoes class switching?

A

heavy

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22
Q

Which chromosome is the heavy chain found? light chain?

A

heavy - chromosome 14
Light
- chromosome 2 (kappa)
- chromosome 22 (lamda)

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23
Q

How do we change immunoglobulins?

A

triggers which cause class switching: changing of the constant regions

24
Q

Distinguish between primary and secondary antibody responses.

A

Primary

  • 5-10 day lag
  • peak response is smaller
  • IgM> IgG
  • lower affinity

Secondary

  • 1-3 day lag
  • peak response is larger
  • IgG (IgA, IgE if heavy chain isotype switching)
  • higher affinity
25
Q

IgG has a higher (avidity/affinity)?

A

affinity

26
Q

IgM has a higher (avidity/affinity)?

A

avidity

27
Q

Which segment gets deleted in class switching?

A

c segments

28
Q

Which B cells are T-dependent?

A

follicular B cells

29
Q

Which B cells are T-independent?

A

Marginal zone B cells

B1 B cells

30
Q

Which B cells are able to class switch?

A

T-dependent follicular b cells

31
Q

T-independent B cells are mainly what type of Ig?

A

IgM

short lived

32
Q

Where will you find the CD5 marker?

A

B-1 B cell; not specific

33
Q

T dependent activation is due to a CD40 ligand binding to a B cell’s ___.

A

CD40

34
Q

What type of antigen is present when class switching is activated?

A

protein antigens

35
Q

What type of antigen is present in T-independent activation?

A

polysaccharides, nucleic acid, lipids

36
Q

In what part of the spleen will B cells be?

A

white pulp

37
Q

After a splenectomy, an individual will be susceptible to which organism?

A

Strep pneumo

38
Q

What is Hyper IgM syndrome?

A
  • can only produce IgM

- results from mutations affecting class switching

39
Q

What recognition is required between a Tcell and Bcell for class switching?

A

Cd40L - CD40
CD28/B7 (CD 88)
Th1 releases cytokines IL4 / IL4R —-clonal expansion
IL5 —differentiation

40
Q

What would you expect if a Tcell did not have CD40 ligand?

A
  • repeated chronic infections
  • elevated IgM but no class switching
  • no secondary response available
41
Q

What happens when FasL is activated?

A

cell undergoes apoptosis

-important if there was a defective FasL (lymphoproliferative syndrome)

42
Q

What are the three pathways of the complement cascade?

A 
Classical Pathway (antigen antibody complex)
MB-Lectin Pathway (lectin binding on pathogen surface, )
Alternative Pathway (polysaccharides found on bacterial cell wall)
43
Q

How are the complement cascades different?

A

activation is different

44
Q

Where are complements produced?

A

liver; problems with liver can give you complement problems

45
Q

Which complement protein has 3 subunits?

A

C1q
C1r
C1s

46
Q

Describe the process of the classical pathway.

A
  1. Once antibody is bound to antigen, a receptor will bind to C1q. Once complex is bound to C1q, it will activate C1r and then C1s.
  2. Activates C2 and C4. Cleaves subunits C2a, C2b, C4a, C4b
  3. C4b and C2b will make C3 convertase.
  4. C3 is cleaved. C3b, C4b, C2b make C5 convertase.
  5. C5 cleaved and then C6-9 are added to make MAC complex.
47
Q

Describe the process of the lectin pathway.

A
  1. Mannose binding lectin causes C4 and C2 cleavage.
  2. C4b and C2b will make C3 convertase.
  3. C3 is cleaved. C3b, C4b and C2b make C5 convertase.
  4. C5 cleaved and then C6-9 added to make the MAC complex.
48
Q

Which components of the complement pathways are inflammatory mediators?

A

C3a

C5a

49
Q

Describe the process of the alternative pathway.

A
  1. Activated by non-protein antigens. in the presence of Factor D, Factor B will be activated
  2. C3b and Bb will make C3 Convertase
  3. C3 will be cleaved
  4. C3b, Bb, and C3b will make C5 convertase
  5. C5 cleaved and then C6-9 added to make a MAC complex
50
Q

What is the function of the complement?

A
  • phagocytosis and killing of microbe
  • osmotic lysis of microbe
  • destruction of microbes by leukocytes
51
Q

What is the biological function of C2b?

A
  • prokinin

- associate with edema & cough

52
Q

What is the biological function of C3a?

A

anaphylotoxin

53
Q

What is the biological function of C3b or C4b?

A

opsonin - promotes phagocytosis

54
Q

Where are CR1 found?

A

B cells
phagocytes
RBS
follicular dendritic cells

55
Q

Where are CR2 found?

A

Bcells

epithelial

56
Q

Where are CR3 and CR4 found?

A

phagocytes

57
Q

How do bacteria evade the humoral immune response?

A
  • form different antigens
  • inhibition of complement activation
  • resistance to phagocytosis

CMBM 3 (28 decks)

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