Micronutrients

Question 1

How are micronutrients categorized?

Answer 1

Water and salts
minerals
vitamins

Question 2

6 functions of Ca

Answer 2

regulation of intracellular enzymes 
blood clotting
muscle contraction
growth of bones and teeth 
calmodulin binding
messenger function; hormone-receptor

Question 3

Absorption of Ca promoted by:

Answer 3

Vit D
Gastric acid
lactose
citrate, malate
protein, phosphorous
exercise

Question 4

Absorption of Ca2+ prohibited by:

Answer 4

Oxalic acid
Phytic acid
Dietary fiber
Phosphate
Steatorrhea (soap) [fatty diarrhea]

Question 5

Metal- phosphates are extremely (soluble/insoluble)

Answer 5

insoluble

Question 6

What is seen in calcium deficiencies?

Answer 6

Rickets
osteomalacia (adult rickets)
osteoporosis

Question 7

What prevents rickets?

Answer 7

Vitamin D

Question 8

What is recommended consumption of Ca2+?

Answer 8

1000mg/day

women and adolescents need slightly more

Question 9

What form of phosphorous is absorbed?

Answer 9

phosphate

Question 10

Where is the vast majority of phosphate found?

Answer 10

85% bones and teeth

Question 11

What is recommended intake of phosporous?

Answer 11

700-1250 mg/day

Question 12

Excessive intake of phosphorous promotes excretion of what mineral?

Answer 12

Ca2+

Question 13

What is the function of magnesium?

Answer 13

bone strength
ATP hydrolysis
enzyme cofactors
binds nucleic acids
muscle relaxation after contractions

Question 14

What are the food sources of magnesium?

Answer 14

vegetables, nuts, legumes

Question 15

What is the RDA of magnesium?

Answer 15

400 mg/day (male) 300 mg/day (female)

Question 16

What symptoms are seen with deficiency of Mg? excess?

Answer 16

hypertension, vascular disease, preeclampsia

Alcoholics - DTs, tremors

Excess - anaesthetic effects, diarrhea

Question 17

How is sulfur taken up by the body?

Answer 17

sulfate

Question 18

What are some functions of sulfur?

Answer 18

source of electrons,
transfer groups Acetyl Coa
disulfide bonds, protein folding

Question 19

Key metals involved in enzymatic activities and protein structure

Answer 19

Fe, Zn, Selenium, iodine Cu

Question 20

What is the key role of Iron?

Answer 20

enzyme catalysis
electron transfer
oxygen transport

Question 21

What is the role of Zinc?

Answer 21

catalysis
structure
protein interacting with DNA “Zinc fingers” (gene regulation)

Question 22

Is Zinc redox active?

Answer 22

NO!!

Question 23

What increases absorption of zinc? How is it bound?

Answer 23

binding of His, Cys (in various combinations) and nucleotides

Question 24

What helps with Zn transfer into blood?

Answer 24

metallothioneins

Question 25

Where is Zn stored?

Answer 25

muscle & bone

Question 26

What are the Zn requirements?

Answer 26

M- 11 mg/day W 8mg/day

Question 27

What are symptoms of Zn deficiency?

Answer 27

skin lesions, late onset of secondary sex characteristics, growth reduction, loss of appetite, genetic deficiiencies

Question 28

What does Zn malabsorption lead to?

Answer 28

IBD

Question 29

Too much Zn?

Answer 29

dizziness, nausea, gastric distress can reduce Cu absorption implicated in Alzheimer's can lower HDLs

Question 30

What are Cu RDA?

Answer 30

0.9 mg/day

Question 31

What is Cu used for?

Answer 31

cytochrome oxidase

Question 32

What other metal relies on Cu for uptake? ****

Answer 32

Fe

Question 33

What impairs Cu uptake?

Answer 33

Excess Zn

Question 34

What is seen with Cu deficiencies?

Answer 34

anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, osteoporosis

Question 35

What will excess Cu result in?

Answer 35

tremors, weakness, anorexia

Question 36

What disease can impair absorption of nutrients?

Answer 36

Crohn's, CF

Question 37

Describe Wilson's disease?

Answer 37

excess Cu and builds up leading to brain damage, involuntary movements

Question 38

What is a sign of Wilson's

Answer 38

gold rings in corneas

Question 39

What is iodine essential for?

Answer 39

thyroid hormones affecting development, growth, metabolism

Question 40

What is RDA for iodine?

Answer 40

150 MICROgrams/day

Question 41

Deficiency of iodine will stimulate what disease?

Answer 41

goiter - enlarged thyroid

Question 42

What is RDA for selenium?

Answer 42

55 MICROgrams/day

Question 43

Deficiency of selenium can lead to?

Answer 43

cardiac failure, liver disease, cancer, atherosclerosis, hair loss

Question 44

An excess of selenium (>400 ug/day) can lead to?

Answer 44

peripheral neuropathy, nausea, diarrhea, dermatitis, hair loss, nail deformities

Question 45

What is selenium used for?

Answer 45

enzyme cofactor for antioxidant defense thyroid hormone and insulin function regulation of cell growth fertility

Question 46

What are some other metals needed?

Answer 46

Manganese, molybedium, chromium, cobalt, nickel

Question 47

Probably required metals?

Answer 47

``` boron silicon, arsenic, tin, rubidium, germanium ```

Question 48

possibly required metals?

Answer 48

``` Cd (Cadmium) Pb (Lead) Li (lithium) Al (Aluminuam Br (Bromine) Rd, ? Rb - Rubidium V - Vanadium F - Fluorine ```

Question 49

What are the major extracellular fluids (ECF) solutes?

Answer 49

Na+ Cl- HCO3-

Question 50

What are the major intracellular fluid solutes?

Answer 50

K+ | organic phosphate esters (ATP, creatine phosphate, phospholipid)

Question 51

What are miliequivalents?

Answer 51

milliequivalents = milliMolar when 1 ionizable group mEQ = 2x mMolar is there are 2 charges If 3+, more pH dependent

Question 52

What are the main macrominerals?

Answer 52

sodium | potassium

Question 53

What does excess sodium lead to?

Answer 53

hypertension | ECF expansion

Question 54

The net activity of GI tract down to jejunum is secrection of water and electrolytes. If you vomit you?

Answer 54

lose solutes

Question 55

The net activity from jejunum to colon in reabsorption so if you have diarrheas you can lose?

Answer 55

liters /water

Question 56

What problems exist with excess or deficiency of water and potassium?

Answer 56

cardiac arrest K:Na ration linked to hypertension Deficiency: heart arrhythmia, muscle weakness, increased blood pH (alkalosis)

Question 57

What are four other macro minerals besides water, Na, K?

Answer 57

Calcium Phosphorous Sulfur Magnesium

Question 58

What is the function of phophorous

Answer 58

structure of nucleic acids, phospholipids activation of enzymes by phosphorylation Energy (ATP) acid-base balance