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CMBM 3 > Micronutrients > Flashcards

Micronutrients Flashcards

1
Q

How are micronutrients categorized?

A

Water and salts
minerals
vitamins

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2
Q

6 functions of Ca

A 
regulation of intracellular enzymes 
blood clotting
muscle contraction
growth of bones and teeth 
calmodulin binding
messenger function; hormone-receptor
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3
Q

Absorption of Ca promoted by:

A 
Vit D
Gastric acid
lactose
citrate, malate
protein, phosphorous
exercise
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4
Q

Absorption of Ca2+ prohibited by:

A 
Oxalic acid
Phytic acid
Dietary fiber
Phosphate
Steatorrhea (soap) [fatty diarrhea]
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5
Q

Metal- phosphates are extremely (soluble/insoluble)

A

insoluble

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6
Q

What is seen in calcium deficiencies?

A

Rickets
osteomalacia (adult rickets)
osteoporosis

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7
Q

What prevents rickets?

A

Vitamin D

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8
Q

What is recommended consumption of Ca2+?

A

1000mg/day

women and adolescents need slightly more

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9
Q

What form of phosphorous is absorbed?

A

phosphate

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10
Q

Where is the vast majority of phosphate found?

A

85% bones and teeth

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11
Q

What is recommended intake of phosporous?

A

700-1250 mg/day

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12
Q

Excessive intake of phosphorous promotes excretion of what mineral?

A

Ca2+

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13
Q

What is the function of magnesium?

A 
bone strength
ATP hydrolysis
enzyme cofactors
binds nucleic acids
muscle relaxation after contractions
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14
Q

What are the food sources of magnesium?

A

vegetables, nuts, legumes

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15
Q

What is the RDA of magnesium?

A

400 mg/day (male) 300 mg/day (female)

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16
Q

What symptoms are seen with deficiency of Mg? excess?

A

hypertension, vascular disease, preeclampsia

Alcoholics - DTs, tremors

Excess - anaesthetic effects, diarrhea

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17
Q

How is sulfur taken up by the body?

A

sulfate

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18
Q

What are some functions of sulfur?

A

source of electrons,
transfer groups Acetyl Coa
disulfide bonds, protein folding

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19
Q

Key metals involved in enzymatic activities and protein structure

A

Fe, Zn, Selenium, iodine Cu

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20
Q

What is the key role of Iron?

A

enzyme catalysis
electron transfer
oxygen transport

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21
Q

What is the role of Zinc?

A

catalysis
structure
protein interacting with DNA “Zinc fingers” (gene regulation)

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22
Q

Is Zinc redox active?

A

NO!!

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23
Q

What increases absorption of zinc? How is it bound?

A

binding of His, Cys (in various combinations) and nucleotides

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24
Q

What helps with Zn transfer into blood?

A

metallothioneins

25
Q

Where is Zn stored?

A

muscle & bone

26
Q

What are the Zn requirements?

A

M- 11 mg/day W 8mg/day

27
Q

What are symptoms of Zn deficiency?

A

skin lesions, late onset of secondary sex characteristics, growth reduction, loss of appetite, genetic deficiiencies

28
Q

What does Zn malabsorption lead to?

A

IBD

29
Q

Too much Zn?

A

dizziness, nausea, gastric distress
can reduce Cu absorption
implicated in Alzheimer’s
can lower HDLs

30
Q

What are Cu RDA?

A

0.9 mg/day

31
Q

What is Cu used for?

A

cytochrome oxidase

32
Q

What other metal relies on Cu for uptake? **

A

Fe

33
Q

What impairs Cu uptake?

A

Excess Zn

34
Q

What is seen with Cu deficiencies?

A

anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, osteoporosis

35
Q

What will excess Cu result in?

A

tremors, weakness, anorexia

36
Q

What disease can impair absorption of nutrients?

A

Crohn’s, CF

37
Q

Describe Wilson’s disease?

A

excess Cu and builds up leading to brain damage, involuntary movements

38
Q

What is a sign of Wilson’s

A

gold rings in corneas

39
Q

What is iodine essential for?

A

thyroid hormones affecting development, growth, metabolism

40
Q

What is RDA for iodine?

A

150 MICROgrams/day

41
Q

Deficiency of iodine will stimulate what disease?

A

goiter - enlarged thyroid

42
Q

What is RDA for selenium?

A

55 MICROgrams/day

43
Q

Deficiency of selenium can lead to?

A

cardiac failure, liver disease, cancer, atherosclerosis, hair loss

44
Q

An excess of selenium (>400 ug/day) can lead to?

A

peripheral neuropathy, nausea, diarrhea, dermatitis, hair loss, nail deformities

45
Q

What is selenium used for?

A

enzyme cofactor for antioxidant defense
thyroid hormone and insulin function
regulation of cell growth
fertility

46
Q

What are some other metals needed?

A

Manganese, molybedium, chromium, cobalt, nickel

47
Q

Probably required metals?

A 
boron
silicon,
 arsenic,
 tin,
 rubidium, 
germanium
48
Q

possibly required metals?

A 
Cd (Cadmium)
 Pb (Lead)
Li (lithium)
 Al (Aluminuam
 Br (Bromine)
 Rd, ?  Rb - Rubidium
V - Vanadium 
F - Fluorine
49
Q

What are the major extracellular fluids (ECF) solutes?

A

Na+
Cl-
HCO3-

50
Q

What are the major intracellular fluid solutes?

A

K+

organic phosphate esters (ATP, creatine phosphate, phospholipid)

51
Q

What are miliequivalents?

A

milliequivalents = milliMolar when 1 ionizable group

mEQ = 2x mMolar is there are 2 charges

If 3+, more pH dependent

52
Q

What are the main macrominerals?

A

sodium

potassium

53
Q

What does excess sodium lead to?

A

hypertension

ECF expansion

54
Q

The net activity of GI tract down to jejunum is secrection of water and electrolytes. If you vomit you?

A

lose solutes

55
Q

The net activity from jejunum to colon in reabsorption so if you have diarrheas you can lose?

A

liters /water

56
Q

What problems exist with excess or deficiency of water and potassium?

A

cardiac arrest
K:Na ration linked to hypertension
Deficiency: heart arrhythmia, muscle weakness, increased blood pH (alkalosis)

57
Q

What are four other macro minerals besides water, Na, K?

A

Calcium
Phosphorous
Sulfur
Magnesium

58
Q

What is the function of phophorous

A

structure of nucleic acids, phospholipids
activation of enzymes by phosphorylation
Energy (ATP)
acid-base balance

CMBM 3 (28 decks)

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