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CMBM 3 > Dietary Protein > Flashcards

Dietary Protein Flashcards

1
Q

Summarize the major steps in protein digestion.

A
  • Enzymes mediate hydrolysis of proteins into single AA’s that can be absorbed
  • in the stomach, pepsin is the major proteolytic enzyme
  • in the small intestines, substances secreted by the pancreas further break down the partially digested material from the stomach.
  • bicarbonate neutralizes the stomach acid. This raises the pH for optimal range for digestive enzymes.
  • enteropeptidase cleaves typsinogen»>trypsin
  • trypsin then cleaves other zymogens
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2
Q

Summarize the major steps in protein absorption.

A

Specific transport proteins transfer AAs into the intestinal cells where some are used and the rest are transported via the blood to the liver.

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3
Q

Describe the conversion of digestive zymogens to their active form.

A

slide

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4
Q

What is an essential amino acid? List them.

A

An amino acid that the body cannot make at all or cannot make in sufficient quantities to meet its needs.

Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
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5
Q

What is the recommended protein intake?

A

50% carbohydrate
20% fats
30% proteins

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6
Q

Where is the major source of Amino acid metabolism?

A

liver

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7
Q

Other than soybeans, plant sources do not provide all the essential amino acids. Give an example of plant combinations that do.

A

beans + corn

beans + rice

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8
Q

How many calories are in a gram of protein?

A

4 calories

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9
Q

Unlike carbohydrate and fat, protein does not have a specialized form of ?

A

storage

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10
Q

If not supplied by diet, protein will be acquired from?

A

working and structural components of the cells and tissues

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11
Q

What does starvation always cause?

A

wasting of lean body tissue in addition to fat loss

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12
Q

How do you spare proteins from being used for energy and allow them to perform their unique and important roles?

A

Take in adequate carbohydrate and fat

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13
Q

In what form is pepsin secreted? Where is the zymogen stored? How is it changed?

A

Produced and secreted by gastric cells as pepsinogen.

HCl produced by parietal cells induces conformational change that causes pepsinogen to be cleaved to active pepsin.

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14
Q

What cleaves trypsinogen?

A

enteropeptidase

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15
Q

Where is enteropeptidase released?

A

small intestines

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16
Q

What would happen if enteropeptidase malfunctioned?

A
  • trypsin would not be produced
  • chymotrypsin would not be produced
  • elastase would not be produced
  • carboxypeptidase would not be produced

**failure to thrive, diarrhea, hypoproteinemia

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17
Q

Where is chymotrypsinogen synthesized?

A

pancreas

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18
Q

Where is proelastase synthesized?

A

pancreas

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19
Q

Where is procarboxypeptidase synthesized?

A

pancreas

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20
Q

If the patient was unable to produce HCl, what would the patient experience?

A
  • deficiencies in protein digestion and absorption

- malnourishment

21
Q

What is the first step in the use of protein for energy production?

A

deamination (removal of N-containing amino group)

22
Q

What two products result from deamination?

A

ammonia (NH3)

keto acid

23
Q

Because ammonia is toxic, what does the liver do?

A

combines ammonia with carbon dioxide to produce urea and water

24
Q

At what protein consumption level does the maximum urea production occur?

A

250 grams/day

25
Q

How would you diagnose disease of liver?

A

blood ammonia is high

26
Q

How would you diagnose kidney disease?

A

blood urea is high

27
Q

How much water should a person drink if they are on a high protein diet?

A

> 100 grams/day

28
Q

What is chronic protein-energy malnutrition called? What are the symptoms?

A

Marasmus

  • infancy (<2)
  • develops slowly
  • severe weight loss
  • severe muscle wasting
  • no detectable edema
  • no fatty liver
  • skin is dry, thin and easily wrinkles
29
Q

What is acute protein-energy malnutrition called? What are the symptoms?

A

Kwashiorkor

  • older infants and young children (1-3 years)
  • rapid onset
  • some weight loss
  • some muscle wasting
  • edema
  • fatty liver
  • loss of appetite
  • skin develops lesions
30
Q

Why would you see edema in Kwashiorkor?

A

decreased plasma protein in circulation

31
Q

What 2 tests could you perform to confirm Kwashiorkor?

A

BUN (Blood urea nitrogen)

Creatinine clearance tests

32
Q

What results would confirm Kwashiokor from the BUN test?

A

lower than normal levels (<6 mg/dL) are seen in low protein diet or malnutrition

33
Q

What does the BUN test measure?

A

the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood

Urea nitrogen is what is formed when protein breaks down

34
Q

What does the creatinine clearance test measure?

A

compares the creatinine level in the urine with the creatinine level in the blood.

Higher levels indicate muscle breakdown

In elderly patients, creatinine clearance appears to decrease with age

35
Q

What results would confirm Kwashiokor from the creatinine clearance test?

A

higher than normal levels indicate breakdown of muscle

Male: 97-137 ml/min
Female 88-128 ml/min

36
Q

Why do Kwashiorkor patients have increased infections?

A

damaged immune system due to the body breaking down antibodies

37
Q

What enzyme is lacking in patients with PKU?

A

phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)

38
Q

What inheritance type is PKU?

A

autosomal recessive

39
Q

In addition to light pigmentation, what other symptoms may be present in PKU?

A
  • delayed mental and social skills
  • small head size
  • hyperactivity
  • jerking movements
  • seizures
  • skin rashes
40
Q

What are some foods that contain phenylalanine? What supplements should be added to the diet?

A

aspartame
Supplements:
- fish oil
-iron

41
Q

What amino acids are not able to be broken down by Maple Syrup Urine Disease patients?

A

branched chain amino acids

BCAA

42
Q

What inheritance type is MSUD?

A

autosomal recessive

43
Q

Which four genes can mutate to result in MSUD?

A

BCKDHA
BCKDHB
DBT
DLD

  • genes form a complex to catabolize branched chain amino acids (BCAAs)
44
Q

What is the name of the MSUD complex?

A

BCKD - mutation in BCKD is the most common reason for MSUD

45
Q

What symptoms appear with MSUD?

A

poor feeding
vomiting
lethargy
developmental delay

46
Q

What treatment is available for MSUD?

A

diet low in branched chain amino acids (Val, Leu, Ile)

fish oil supplements
iron supplements

some patients pursue a liver transplant

47
Q

An infant with PKU would be expected to be deficient in what non-essential amino acid?

A

tyrosine

48
Q

A mother is informed that products containing aspartame could be detrimental to her child’s health. What is the likely genetic disorder?

A

PKU

CMBM 3 (28 decks)

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