Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CMBM 3 > Major RNA Viruses > Flashcards

Major RNA Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 general properties that apply to RNA viruses?

A
  • Enveloped/non-enveloped
  • capsid symmetry
  • nucleic acid (ss or ds)
  • +/- sense, ambisense
  • replication location (?)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is + sense RNA?

A

same RNA reading as host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is - sense RNA?

A

needs RNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What classification system is used to classify viruses?

A

Baltimore classification based on mRNA synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which RNA virus is double stranded?

A

Reoviridae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which RNA viruses are nonenveloped?

A

Picornaviridae, Caliciviridaem Reoviridae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where do most RNA viruses replicate? exception?

A

cytoplasm

Othomyxoviridae, Retroviridae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What class is a dsRNA?

A

Class III

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What class is a (+)ssRNA?

A

Class IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What class is a (-)ssRNA?

A

Class V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What class is ssRNA-RT?

A

Class VI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the characteristics of picornaviridae?

A

+ssRNA
Nonenveloped
Icosahdral
resistant to pH 3-9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does the picornaviridae replicate?

A

cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is the picornaviridae classified?

A

Class IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are 3 genus for picornaviridae?

A

Enterovirus
Rhinovirus
Hepatovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What species are included in Enterovirus?

A

Poliovirus (1-3)
Coxsackie A (1-24)
Coxsackie B (1-6)
Enterovirus (68-71)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are most Enteroviruses transmitted?

A

fecal oral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What cells are infected by the poliovirus?

A

oropharyngeal

intestinal mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of poliovirus?

A 
90-95% remain subclinical
5-8% flu-like symptoms
1-2% associated with major manifestations: meningitis
encephalitis
paralytic poliomyelitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are common viruses responsible for meningitis?

A 
enterovirus
coxsackie A&B
echovirus
Arbovirus
HIV
HSV-2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What cells are involved in paralytic poliomyelitis?

A

cells of the anterior horn - results in flaccid paralysis

medulla - paralysis of the diaphragm&raquo_space;>death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 3 types of paralytic polio?

A 
spinal polio (paralytic)
bulbar polio (muscle weakness)
bulbospinal polio
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How would you diagnose poliovirus?

A

isolation of virus from stool

CSF (definitive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How would you treat polio?

A

no specific treatment > supportive

  • pain and muscle spasm control
  • orthopedic support to prevent contracture, deformities and fracture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do you prevent polio?

A

Vaccine
OPV (Oral Polio vaccine)
IPV (Inactivated Polio Vaccine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of OPV?

A 
OPV
Good:
-oral, easily administered
-lifelong immunity
- no boosters necessary
Bad: 
- risk of vaccine-associated polio
-can't be administered to immunocompromised patients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of IPV?

A 
IPV
Good:
- no risk of vaccine associated polio
-safe for immunocompromised patients
-easier to store and transport

Bad:
Booster needed
Injection
Large dose required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How is Coxsackievirus transmitted?

A

fecal-oral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How would you treat or prevent Coxsackievirus?

A

no vaccine or treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

List 5 diseases due to Coxsackievirus A.

A 
A9, A16 - hand, foot and mouth disease 
Aseptic meningitis (summer and fall)
Herpangia
A24 - acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
A7 - poliomyelitis-like symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

List 4 diseases due to Coxsackievirus B.

A

Pleurodynia - “Devil’s grip”
*****Myocarditis (leading cause) and pericarditis
B2, B5 - hand, foot and mouth
B4 - juvenile diabetes (IDDM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of hand, foot and mouth disease?

A

vesicular rash on hands, feet, mouth and tongue

mild fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Herpangina (Coxsackie A)?

A

fever
sort throat
anorexia
vomiting

vesicular ulcerating lesions on soft palate and uvula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Conjunctivitis (Coxsackie A)?

A

eye pain followed by redness
teary painful eyes
swelling
light sensitivity

**highly contagious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Pleurodynia (Coxsackie B)?

A

Acute onset of fever
unilateral low thoracic chest pain

“Devil’s Grip”

Males may have testicular pain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How is Rhinovirus transmitted?

A

contact with respiratory secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the symptoms of Rhinovirus?

A
  • runny nose
  • common cold

**infections are localized to the nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How is the hepatovirus transmitted?

A

fecal-oral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the characteristic of Hepatitis A?

A

+ssRNA
nonenveloped
icosohedral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the symptoms of Hepatitis A?

A

sudden fever

jaundice (self-limiting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How do you prevent Hepatitis A?

A

Vaccine

-recommended for at-risk groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What system does Hepatitis A infect?

A

intestinal epithelial cells

-spreads to liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the characteristics of Caliciviridae?

A 
\+ssRNA
Nonenveloped
icosahedral
resistant to heat and detergents
can be inactivated by acid (pH 3 99% inactivation)
44
Q

How are most Caliciviridae transmitted?

A

fecal-oral (Norovirus, Sapovirus)

45
Q

How do most Caliciviridae manifest?

A

gastrointestinal

  • diarrhea
  • vomiting
46
Q

What is norovirus associated with?

A

contaminated water supplies and food

  • potluck meals
  • outbreaks on cruise ships
47
Q

How would you diagnose norovirus?

A

virus isolated from stool and vomit

48
Q

What are the symptoms of norovirus?

A

acute gastroenteritis 12-24 hours after ingestion of food

49
Q

How do you prevent Norovirus?

A

good hygeine

50
Q

How is Hepatitis E transmitted?

A

fecal-oral

51
Q

What is Hepatitis E associated with?

A
  • E for Epidemic hepatitis
  • contaminated water supply
  • high mortality for fetus and mother
52
Q

What are the characteristic of Reoviridae (respiratory enteric orphan)?

A
  • *dsRNA
  • nonenveloped
  • icodahedral
53
Q

How is Rotovirus transmitted?

A

fecal-oral
(possibly respiratory)

  • usually seasonally
  • ubiquitous
54
Q

Describe Rotavirus A and B.

A

Rota (wheel/spokes)

A - most common (90%) - infantile diarrhea with vomiting and fever

B - Adult onset of severe diarrhea (epidemic in Asia)

55
Q

Describe the characteristics of Flaviviridae.

A

(+) ssRNA

Enveloped

56
Q

What are two genus of Flaviviridae?

A

Flavivirus (Dengue virus)

Hepatitis C

57
Q

How is Dengue virus transmitted?

A

Aedes aegypti (mosquito)

58
Q

How does Dengue fever manifest with the 1st encounter? 2nd?

A

1st

  • fever within 4-7 days post exposure
  • severe headache
  • severe joint and muscle pain
  • nausea and vomiting
  • rash, maculopapular

2nd Dengue hemorrhagic fever

  • symptoms to classic dengue
  • gingival and nasal bleeding
  • increased menstrual flow
  • GI bleeding
  • hematuria
59
Q

How is Dengue diagnosed?

A

ELISA serology (IgM, IgG) and antigens

tourniquet test

60
Q

How do you manage Dengue virus?

A

-self-limiting
-control fever with antipyretics (avoid aspirin)
- use insect repellent
-no antiviral treatment
(no vaccine)

61
Q

How is Hepatitis C transmitted?

A

blood

62
Q

What damage is seen in the chronic state of HepC?

A

cirrhosis
end-stage liver disease
hepatocellular carcinoma

63
Q

What is a symptom of HepC?

A

jaundice

64
Q

What is the most common way Hep C is transmitted?

A

IV drug use (60%)

sex (15%)

65
Q

Describe the characteristics of Togaviridae.

A

(+) ssRNA
Enveloped
icosohedral
enveloped “toga”

66
Q

What two genus of Togaviridae?

A

Rubivirus (rubella)

Alphavirus (arboviruses)

67
Q

How is Rubella virus transmitted?

A

contact with respiratory droplets

68
Q

What are the symptoms in up to 70% of people infected with rubella?

A

asymptomatic

69
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of rubella?

A

maculopapular rash - begins on face and spreads to trunk, then extremities

  • rash fades after a few days
  • occipital and post auricular lymphadenopathy
70
Q

How do you prevent rubella?

A

MMR vaccine (12-18 months and dose 2 at 36 months)

71
Q

Describe the consequences of Rubella during pregnancy?

A

During the viremic stage, the virus can cross the placenta.

Since Rubella can cross the placenta it can lead to congenital abnormalities, premature delivery and spontaneous abortion.

72
Q

What infections are vertically transmitted?

A

TORCH

Toxoplasma gondii

Other infections (enterovirus, VZV, P-B19, HIV, Bacteria)

Rubella
CMV
HSV-2

73
Q

Describe the characteristics of Filoviridae.

A

(-) ssRNA
enveloped
helical

74
Q

What viruses are included in Filoviridae?

A

Ebola virus
Marburg virus
Cuevavirus (2011 Spain)

75
Q

What are members of Filoviridae associated with?

A

hemorrhagic fever

(Ebola, Marburg)

*Dengue also can lead to hemorrhagic fever but is not part of this group

76
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Filoviridae?

A

Early: muscle aches, fever, vomiting, red eyes, skin rash

Acute: bleeding, skin hemorrhage

77
Q

What are treatments for Filoviridae?

A
  • NO FDA approved vaccine
  • IV fluids and electrolytes
  • maintain ventilation and perfusion
  • manage infections

*antibodies may last up to 10 years

78
Q

What are the characteristics of Orthomyxoviridae?

A

(-) ssRNA
enveloped (glycoproteins, antigenic variation)
segmented
-causes endemic and pandemic respiratory infections

79
Q

Why is the characteristic of segmentation so important?

A

opportunity to mutate

mix gene segments

80
Q

What are the three types of influenza and host?

A

Influenza A - humans, birds, swine (everything)
Influenza B - humans
Influenza C - mainly humans

81
Q

Describe the structure of influenza and how it assists in entry of RNA into the host.

A
  1. Hemoglutinens (HA) attach to sialic acid receptor found on respiratory epithelial cells of host.
  2. The neuraminadase (NA) cleaves the sialic acid receptor and virus enters cell.

Matrix protein 2 (M2)- through envelope
Matrix protein 1 (M1)- on inside attached to ribonuclear protein

  1. After entry, the whole virus is inside.
  2. M2 will allow an H ion to enter the virion and cause dissociation of M1 and . ribonuclear protein.
  3. H ion drops the pH and the envelope breaks.
  4. (-) ssRNA is released.
  5. Complementary copy made and then translated.
82
Q

Which influenza type can undergo antigenic shift?

A

Influenza type A

83
Q

Which influenza type can underdo antigenic drift?

A

All types

Influenza A, B, C

84
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A
  • substitution of gene segments with segments from another influenza virus (reassortment)
  • only seen in type A
  • pandemics
  • less common
85
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A
  • small, constant point mutation
  • gradual changed in aa composition
  • minor antigenic change
  • epidemics
  • all three types
  • annual vaccination
86
Q

How is influenza named?

A 
Nomenclature system:
Host origin
Geographic location
Strain number
Year of isolation
hemaglutinin and neuroaminidase subtypes

ex) A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)

87
Q

How is Influenza transmitted?

A

person to person
direct contact
aerosol droplets
*infects respiratory epithelial cells

88
Q

What is the incubation time for influenza?

A

1-4 days

89
Q

What structure in Influenza is targeted by drugs?

A

M2 - matrix protein 2

neuroaminadase

90
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of influenza?

A 
fever
headache
chills
muscle aches
general fatigue
runny nose (as fever declines)
coughing (as fever declines)

Complications: Bronchitis, Pneumonia

91
Q

What are treatments for influenza?

A

Zanamivir (Relenza) - targets neuroaminadase (A & B)
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) - targets neuroaminadase (A & B)

Amantidine (target M2) - no longer recommended due to resistance

92
Q

What is the recommendation for flu vaccine? method of delivery

A

yearly
flu shot - whole inactivated virus
Flumist - live attenuated

93
Q

What are the characteristics of Paramyxoviridae

A

(-) ssRNA
enveloped

Matrix protein

G protein - mediates attachment to host cells

Fusion Protein (F) nfection of adjacent cells

94
Q

What are two subfamilies of Paramyxoviridae?

A

ParamyxoviriNae

Pneumovirinae

95
Q

What are two genus from the subfamily paramyxovirinae?

A

Rubulavirus (Mumps)

Morbilivirus (Measles)

96
Q

How are mumps transmitted?

A

respiratory

97
Q

Where does the mump virus replicate?

A

nasopharynx

98
Q

What are the symptoms of mumps?

A

nonspecific myalgia
headache
parotitis (30-40%)

99
Q

What are some complications of mumps?

A

orchitis (20-50) in post pubescent males
CNS involvement (15%)
pancreatitis (2-5%)
death

100
Q

How would you prevent mumps?

A

MMR vaccine

101
Q

How are measles transmitted?

A

respiratory droplets

nasal secretions

102
Q

When are the measles highly contagious?

A

during prodromal period

103
Q

What are the clinical signs of measles?

A 
cough
coryza (rhinitis)
conjunctivitis (3Cs)
Koplic spots
high fever (40 C)
generalized maculopapular rash
104
Q

What are complications of measles?

A 
diarrhea
otitis media
pneumonia
encephalitis
death
105
Q

How would you prevent measles?

A

MMR vaccine

** major cause of vaccine-preventable death in chldren

106
Q

How is RSV transmitted?

A

droplets

fingers

107
Q

What is the most common cause of LRI in infants and kids?

A

RSV

CMBM 3 (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions