Obesity & Body Composition Flashcards
Hypertension is twice as common among
Obese adults
Majority of diabetics are
Obese
Obesity increases risk for cancer in
Colon, gallblader, prostate, kidneys, breast & uterine
Sleep apnea, asthma and arthritis are more common among
Obese people
Obesity increases risk for complications during
Pregnancy
Essential body fat
Necessary fat present in nerve tissue, bone marrow & organs; loss below essential value compromises physiological function
Essential body fat ranges
Male: 3-5%
Female: 11-14%
Females carry more fat for greater
Hormonal/reproductive needs
Roles of fat
Transports/stores vitamins & lipids
Forms cell membranes
Provides insulation/protection
Aids function in nervous system
Assists formation of hormones
Subcutaneous fat
Layer of adipose beneath skin; largest storage site in body
Intramuscular fat
Fat deposits stored in skeletal muscle tissue
Visceral fat
Central body fat stored in abdomen around organs; highly metabolic
Android storage
Central/apple shaped fat pattern
Greater risk of cardiometabolic disease
Gynoid storage
Pear shaped pattern of storage in lower half of body surrounding hips, glutes & thighs
Indirect methods of assessing BF%
Height/weight tables
BMI
Waist circumference
Waist:hip ratio
Target body weight formula
Computation of ideal body weight for goal setting
Inputs current weight and desired BF%
Using the target weight formula
Total weight x %BF (185 * .20)
Total weight - Fat mass (37 lbs)
Lean mass (148 lbs) * Desired %BF (15)
= 170.2
Height weight tables were originally designed to
Predict mortality rates for insurance premiums
Based on too many assumptions, height weight tables possess
Significant deficiencies
BMI replaced
Height weight tables
Major issues with height weight tables
Tissue composition not identified
Lean mass negatively affects disease prediction
Age variations not factored in
BMI provides a single measure to
Predict risk for disease and premature mortality
BMI does not measure
Body fat mass
A single measurement for waist circumference can estimate the risk for
Cardio-metabolic disease, it examines visceral fat
Waist circumference measurement is more useful when combined with
BMI
Works better than BMI alone for predicting disease risk, but may actually be less effective than waist circumference independently
Waist:hip ratio
Risk can be underestimated in waist:hip ratio measurement if a person has
High levels of lower body fat (gynoid), central obesity is skewed
Clinical body composition assessments
Dual x-ray absorptiometry
Hydrostatic weighing
Air displacement plethysmography
Field body composition assessments
Circumference measure
Skinfold measure
Bioelectrical impedance
Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is used in clinical settings to
Assess body tissue compartments, including body fat, bone mineral and lean tissue
Hydrostatic weighing uses
Principle of buoyancy to estimate body composition
Air displacement (Bod Pod) uses
Air displacement in a specialized chamber
Circumference measures are easy to perform, require minimal equipment and are preferred for
Obese clients
Skinfold measures are preferred for
Leaner clients
Bioelectrical impedance (BIA)
Measures resistance to flow of electrical current through body
