Muscular Units & Postural Distortion

Question 1

Inner Unit

Answer 1

Local stabilizers that support spine/pelvis

Question 2

Outer Unit

Answer 2

Myofascial slings; global muscle systems that stabilize the spine and pelvis; transfers force across trunk

Question 3

Upper Cross Syndrome

Answer 3

Forward head, raised/internally rotated or rounded/ forward shoulders, exaggerated thoracic curve

Question 4

Lower Cross Syndrome

Answer 4

Anterior pelvic tilt with lordosis, severe muscular imbalance in lumbo-pelvic region

Question 5

Winged Scapulae

Answer 5

Lifted and outwardly rotated scaps protrued posteriorly away from ribcage

Question 6

Lateral Pelvic Tilt

Answer 6

Hiking up on one side of pelvis

Question 7

Lower Body Distal Extremity Distortions

Answer 7

Ankle over pronation (flat feet), ankle over supination, varus knees (bow legged), valgus knees (knees in, heels in, toes point out)

Question 8

Lordosis

Answer 8

Excessive lordotic curvature, part of lower cross syndrome

Question 9

Kyphosis (rounded shoulders)

Answer 9

Excessive thoracic curvature, bowed/rounded back

Question 10

Reciprocal Inhibition

Answer 10

Neuromuscular regulation of agonist-antagonist contraction patterns to reduce resistance during opposing joint actions; allow for fluid movement

Question 11

Body’s ability to transfer force depends on

Answer 11

Neural proficiency of muscle activation (motor control)
Efficiency of bones, ligaments & tendons (form closure)
Support of muscles and fascia (force closure)

Question 12

Muscles of the Inner Unit

Answer 12

TVA, diaphragm, posterior internal oblique, pelvic floor, multifidus

Question 13

Myofascial Sling Systems

Answer 13

Four major independent movement systems of the body; posterior/anterior oblique sling, deep longitudinal sling, lateral sling

Question 14

Transverse Abdominus

Answer 14

Intra-abdominal pressure manages spinal flexion/extension; “natural weight belt”

Question 15

Multifidus

Answer 15

Connects with TVA to prevent undesirable changes in spinal segment positioning

Question 16

Diaphragm

Answer 16

Respiratory muscle and local stabilizer; top down support

Question 17

Pelvic Floor

Answer 17

Anchors pelvic girdle in response to bracing & loading

Question 18

Posterior oblique sling

Answer 18

Lats, glute max & thoracolumbar fascia; force transfer bridge between lumbar spine and pelvic girdle

Question 19

Issues with Posterior oblique sling affect

Answer 19

power, strength & speed

Question 20

Anterior oblique sling

Answer 20

Obliques, adductors & rectal abdominal fascia; Cross stabilization across pelvis for sagittal plane locomotion

Question 21

Deep longitudinal sling

Answer 21

Erector spinae, thoracolumbar fascia, multifidus, sacrotuberous ligament connecting hamstrings, extends to lower extremities; allows for efficient sprinting mechanics due to combine hip/knee extension

Question 22

Lateral sling

Answer 22

Stabilizes hip loading and provides frontal plane stability; vertical/horizontal bipedal/climbing actions

Question 23

Chronic causes of distortions and imbalances

Answer 23

Sedentary lifestyle
Poor posture
Repetitive training action
Poor programming
Incorrect technique
Injury related movement compensation

Question 24

Upper Body Distortions

Answer 24

Forward chin, kyphotic exaggeration, upper cross, dowager’s hump

Question 25

Lumbo-Pelvic-Hip Distortion

Answer 25

Lower cross, fixed pelvic tilt

Question 26

Lower Distal Extremity Distortions

Answer 26

Ankle over pronation (flat feet) or supination; varus knees (bow legged) due to external rotation at hip, valgus knees due to internal rotation at hip

Question 27

Overactive Muscles of Forward Chin

Answer 27

OA: Upper traps, levator scapulae
UA: Reciprocating muscles of scapula

Question 28

Progression into rounded shoulders

Answer 28

Mid/lower traps become less active, serratus anterior become overactive; rhomboids/pecs activate improperly

Question 29

Causes of lateral tilt

Answer 29

Repetitive training action, one side dominant posture, ankle injuries

Question 30

TVA contractions should occur at least

Answer 30

30 ms prior to upper movement
110 ms prior to lower movement

Question 31

Upper Body Distortion Progression

Answer 31

1. Forward chin
2. Rounded shoulders
3. Upper cross

Question 32

Upper body distortions tend to occur in

Answer 32

Sagittal plane

Question 33

Lower body distortions manifest in

Answer 33

Sagittal and frontal plane

Question 34

Anatomical segments commonly migrate forward in

Answer 34

Upper body distortions

Question 35

Exaggerated kyphosis (upper cross) can occur in eldery population, presenting as

Answer 35

Dowager’s Hump, coinciding with osteoperotic fractures

Question 36

Initial changes in upper body distortions begin at the

Answer 36

Cervical spine