Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards
Volume of oxygen (VO2)
Product of oxygenated blood pumped from heart per min (cardiac output) and amount of oxygen used by bodily cells at a given time (a-v O2 difference)
Cardiac output (CO)
Heart rate x stroke volume
(a-v) O2 difference
Difference in o2 saturation between arteries & veins (blood leaving vs returning); indicates O2 uptake efficiency
Stroke volume
Volume of blood expelled per contraction from left ventricle of heart
Diastole
Relaxation state of heart between beats; atrial chambers fill with blood
Systole
Contraction state of heart; ventricles pump blood to body
Hemoglobin
Protein in RBCs transports oxygen to tissues
Heart pushes blood to lungs via
Pulmonary artery
Oxygen diffuses into blood across
Alveoli in the lungs
Myocardium
Heart muscle; specialized to allow for continuous contractions; enhanced sarcoplasmic reticulum and calcium delivery systems
Cardiac muscle can be fueled by
Fatty acids, glucose, amino acids, lactate, ketones
Arteries
Large, muscular-walled vessels transport oxygenated blood away from the heart to bodily tissues
Arterioles
Smaller, thinner-walled arteries connect to capillaries
Capillaries
Smallest vessels with the thinnest walls; O2 and nutrient exchange, waste product removal
Veins
Pump deoxygenated blood back to heart and lungs; valve system
An adequate cool down period is needed so that
Rapid blood flow back to heart is not impeded
Venous blood pooling can cause
Acute ischemia, leg heaviness, fainting and life threatening episodes among older adults
Function of blood
Temperature, fluid, electrolyte & PH regulation
Transports enzymes
Carries hormones
Removes CO2 & waste products
Transports nutrients & O2
Coagulates to prevent fluid loss
Males tend to have higher CO and VO2max due to
Larger heart sizes and more muscle mass
Endurance training enhances CO through
Increased ventricular mass & size
Increased stroke volume
Increase capillary/mitochondrial density for O2 extraction
Primary Pulse Assessment Locations
Carotid, radial
Blood Pressure
Measure of force exerted by circulating blood against arterial walls; modulates in response to activity, nutrition, body size & health status
Major factors that impact peripheral resistance include
Body size, nutrition, obesity & vessel disease
Baroreceptors
Specialized receptors in large arteries that detect changes in pressure and inform CNS to decrease/increase BP or HR
Valsalva maneuver
Moving heavy load while holding breath; not recommended for those with high blood pressure
Hypertension
Clinical diagnoses of high BP; has negative effect on cardiovascular function and causes vascular damage over time
Factors that influence BP during resistance training
Valsalva maneuver
Intra-abdominal pressure
Compressive forces via contractions
Elevated CO
Dehydration
External compressive force
Mechanisms that regulate blood flow to working muscles
CNS via adjustments in BP & shunting of flow
Hormonal communications between tissue that impact dilation/constriction
Increased capillary activity in working muscles
Rate pressure product (RPP)
Estimate of myocardial O2 demand, efficiency and cardiovascular disease risk; heart rate x systolic blood pressure; >11k = high risk
Lactate threshold
Max intensity of work that a steady state condition can be maintained; lactate accumulation exceeds removal; indicates acidity in tissue & blood
During continuous, steady state exercise
Ventilation is linear to O2 uptake
During intense exercise
Ventilation increases disproportionately to O2 uptake
