Cardiovascular Physiology

Question 1

Volume of oxygen (VO2)

Answer 1

Product of oxygenated blood pumped from heart per min (cardiac output) and amount of oxygen used by bodily cells at a given time (a-v O2 difference)

Question 2

Cardiac output (CO)

Answer 2

Heart rate x stroke volume

Question 3

(a-v) O2 difference

Answer 3

Difference in o2 saturation between arteries & veins (blood leaving vs returning); indicates O2 uptake efficiency

Question 4

Stroke volume

Answer 4

Volume of blood expelled per contraction from left ventricle of heart

Question 5

Diastole

Answer 5

Relaxation state of heart between beats; atrial chambers fill with blood

Question 6

Systole

Answer 6

Contraction state of heart; ventricles pump blood to body

Question 7

Hemoglobin

Answer 7

Protein in RBCs transports oxygen to tissues

Question 8

Heart pushes blood to lungs via

Answer 8

Pulmonary artery

Question 9

Oxygen diffuses into blood across

Answer 9

Alveoli in the lungs

Question 10

Myocardium

Answer 10

Heart muscle; specialized to allow for continuous contractions; enhanced sarcoplasmic reticulum and calcium delivery systems

Question 11

Cardiac muscle can be fueled by

Answer 11

Fatty acids, glucose, amino acids, lactate, ketones

Question 12

Arteries

Answer 12

Large, muscular-walled vessels transport oxygenated blood away from the heart to bodily tissues

Question 13

Arterioles

Answer 13

Smaller, thinner-walled arteries connect to capillaries

Question 14

Capillaries

Answer 14

Smallest vessels with the thinnest walls; O2 and nutrient exchange, waste product removal

Question 15

Veins

Answer 15

Pump deoxygenated blood back to heart and lungs; valve system

Question 16

An adequate cool down period is needed so that

Answer 16

Rapid blood flow back to heart is not impeded

Question 17

Venous blood pooling can cause

Answer 17

Acute ischemia, leg heaviness, fainting and life threatening episodes among older adults

Question 18

Function of blood

Answer 18

Temperature, fluid, electrolyte & PH regulation
Transports enzymes
Carries hormones
Removes CO2 & waste products
Transports nutrients & O2
Coagulates to prevent fluid loss

Question 19

Males tend to have higher CO and VO2max due to

Answer 19

Larger heart sizes and more muscle mass

Question 20

Endurance training enhances CO through

Answer 20

Increased ventricular mass & size
Increased stroke volume
Increase capillary/mitochondrial density for O2 extraction

Question 21

Primary Pulse Assessment Locations

Answer 21

Carotid, radial

Question 22

Blood Pressure

Answer 22

Measure of force exerted by circulating blood against arterial walls; modulates in response to activity, nutrition, body size & health status

Question 23

Major factors that impact peripheral resistance include

Answer 23

Body size, nutrition, obesity & vessel disease

Question 24

Baroreceptors

Answer 24

Specialized receptors in large arteries that detect changes in pressure and inform CNS to decrease/increase BP or HR

Question 25

Valsalva maneuver

Answer 25

Moving heavy load while holding breath; not recommended for those with high blood pressure

Question 26

Hypertension

Answer 26

Clinical diagnoses of high BP; has negative effect on cardiovascular function and causes vascular damage over time

Question 27

Factors that influence BP during resistance training

Answer 27

Valsalva maneuver Intra-abdominal pressure Compressive forces via contractions Elevated CO Dehydration External compressive force

Question 28

Mechanisms that regulate blood flow to working muscles

Answer 28

CNS via adjustments in BP & shunting of flow Hormonal communications between tissue that impact dilation/constriction Increased capillary activity in working muscles

Question 29

Rate pressure product (RPP)

Answer 29

Estimate of myocardial O2 demand, efficiency and cardiovascular disease risk; heart rate x systolic blood pressure; >11k = high risk

Question 30

Lactate threshold

Answer 30

Max intensity of work that a steady state condition can be maintained; lactate accumulation exceeds removal; indicates acidity in tissue & blood

Question 31

During continuous, steady state exercise

Answer 31

Ventilation is linear to O2 uptake

Question 32

During intense exercise

Answer 32

Ventilation increases disproportionately to O2 uptake