Endocrine System

Question 1

Endocrine system

Answer 1

Regulates bodily function & maintains homeostasis through network of organs that communicate directives to various tissues

Question 2

Eustress

Answer 2

Positive, desirable form of stress; increased: neural efficiency, vascular compliance, O2 extraction, cardiac function, musculoskeletal integrity & function

Question 3

Distress

Answer 3

Negative form of stress; increased: platelet adhesion, cortisol production, LDL & triglycerides, susceptibility to inflammation, loss of protein sparing

Question 4

Role of hormones

Answer 4

Released by endocrine glands to direct actions of other tissues via chemical messenger

Question 5

Steroid hormones

Answer 5

Cholesterol based compounds impact sexual development, reproduction, tissue synthesis, inflammation, metabolism (cortisol, estrogen, testosterone)

Question 6

Polypeptide hormones

Answer 6

Chains of amino acids synthesized within endocrine cells, activate secondary messengers (insulin, glucagon)

Question 7

Pituitary Gland

Answer 7

Releases growth hormone

Question 8

Thyroid

Answer 8

Releases thyroxine

Question 9

Adrenal Cortex

Answer 9

Releases aldosterone, cortisol

Question 10

Growth Hormone Action

Answer 10

Stimulates IGF, protein synthesis, growth & metabolism

Question 11

Thyroxine Action

Answer 11

Stimulates metabolic rate, regulates cell growth & activity

Question 12

Aldosterone Action

Answer 12

Promotes sodium, potassium metabolism & water retention

Question 13

Cortisol Action

Answer 13

Promotes use of fatty acids and protein catabolism, conserves sugar, maintains blood glucose

Question 14

Adrenal Medulla

Answer 14

Releases epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 15

Epinephrine action

Answer 15

Increases cardiac output, increases glycogen catabolism and fatty acid release

Question 16

Norepinephrine action

Answer 16

Properties of epinephrine, constricts blood vessels

Question 17

Pancreas

Answer 17

Releases insulin, glucagon

Question 18

Insulin action

Answer 18

Promotes cellular glucose uptake, stores glycogen, aids in protein synthesis

Question 19

Glucagon action

Answer 19

Releases sugar from liver into blood circulation

Question 20

Liver

Answer 20

Releases insulin like growth factors

Question 21

IGF action

Answer 21

Increases protein synthesis

Question 22

Ovaries

Answer 22

Release estrogen

Question 23

Estrogen action

Answer 23

Stimulates bone remodeling activity; female sex hormone

Question 24

Testes

Answer 24

Release testosterone

Question 25

Testosterone action

Answer 25

Stimulates growth, increases protein anabolism, reduces body fat; male sex hormone

Question 26

Anabolic hormones

Answer 26

Compounds involved in tissue growth and protein synthesis

Question 27

Growth hormone

Answer 27

Promotes cell division by facilitating protein synthesis; mobilizes lipids for fuel, protecting glycogen stores

Question 28

IGF1

Answer 28

Central signalling hormone for muscle growth following resistance training

Question 29

Testosterone

Answer 29

Anabolic hormone in men and woman; stimulates male secondary sex characteristics in men and acts on gene expression of protein synthesis; men have 10x women

Question 30

Estrogen

Answer 30

Steroid hormone integral to bone health in men and women; promotes secondary sex characteristics in women; men convert to estradiol

Question 31

Carbohydrates are metabolized into glucose to

Answer 31

Regulate blood sugar levels

Question 32

Pancreas has two main functions

Answer 32

Produce digestive enzymes to break down macronutrients for absorption in lining of small intestine; regulate blood sugar levels through release of insulin and glucagon

Question 33

Hyperglycemia

Answer 33

Abnormally high blood glucose levels; can damage bodily tissues including vascular structures (diabetes)

Question 34

Hypoglycemia

Answer 34

Abnormally low blood glucose levels; metabolic demands of brain and CNS can't be met

Question 35

Glucagon

Answer 35

Stimulates glycogen breakdown in liver to increase blood glucose levels

Question 36

Insulin

Answer 36

Pulls blood glucose into tissue; dysfunction associated with insulin resistance and diabetes

Question 37

Thyroid

Answer 37

Primary regulator of growth and metabolism rate; acts via T3 & T4

Question 38

Hypothyroidism

Answer 38

Low thyroid activity; results in weight gain, can retard growth & mental development

Question 39

Catecholamines

Answer 39

Potent neurotransmitters that help the body respond to stress or elicit fight/flight response (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine)

Question 40

Cortisol

Answer 40

Released in response to exercise stress and low glucose levels; chronic elevation associated with overtraining

Question 41

Fight or flight response

Answer 41

Acute increase in adrenal activity; enhanced CO, blood flow, energy metabolism in response to perceived threat

Question 42

Adrenal glands are very important to managing

Answer 42

Exercise based stress response

Question 43

Hormone response to anaerobic training

Answer 43

Increased: GH, T3/T4, cortisol & epinephrine (heavy only), testosterone Decreased: Insulin

Question 44

Hormone response to aerobic training

Answer 44

High intensity (above lactate threshold) increases GH Testosterone suppressed in high intensity training Higher insulin sensitivity, glucagon when prolonged Steady catecholamines Increased cortisol when prolonged Does not stimulate GH-IGF pathways