O'chem test 3

Question 1

substitution reactions

Answer 1

a reaction in which a reagent atom or molecule takes the place of another atom/group in a reactant molecule; a product(s) from because of the substitution

Question 2

reagent

Answer 2

reactant necessary to make the primary reactant give the desired product.

Question 3

by-product

Answer 3

any product other than the primary product for which the reaction is carried out for commercial reasons

Question 4

halogenation

Answer 4

a substitution reaction in which an alkane takes on at least 1 halogen atom

Question 5

bromination, chlorination

Answer 5

a halogenation with Br and Cl respectively

Question 6

addition reactions

Answer 6

reactions in which a reagent is taken into the structure of a primary reactant, producing only one product and no by-product

Question 7

hydrogenation

Answer 7

addition of H2 to an alkene/alkyne, or to any molecule with C-C multiple bonds

Question 8

saturated HC’s

Answer 8

HC’s in which all C-C bonds are single.

Question 9

unsaturated HC’s

Answer 9

HC’s with at least one C-C multiple bonds

Question 10

polyunsaturated HC’s

Answer 10

HC’s with more than 1 C-C multiple bond

Question 11

Lindlan’s catalyst

Answer 11

a proprietary form of Pd cation preventing complete hydrogenation of alkynes

Question 12

hydration

Answer 12

addition of water to an alkane or other unsaturated molecule

Question 13

symmetrical alkene

Answer 13

an alkene with bilateral symmetry

Question 14

unsymmetrical alkene

Answer 14

an alkene with out bilateral symmetry

Question 15

symmetrical reagent

Answer 15

a reagent which splits into two identical portions in an addition reaction

Question 16

unsymmetrical reagent

Answer 16

a reagent which splits into 2 different portions in an addition reaction

Question 17

markonikov’s rule

Answer 17

in an alkene addition with unsymmetric alkene and reagent, the actual product will be the one in whaich the electropositive portion of the reagent adds to the C of the double bond wiht the most H’s

Question 18

markonikov product

Answer 18

the product actually occurring in alkene addition in accordance with Markonikov’s rule

Question 19

anti-markonikov product

Answer 19

a hypothetically possible product in alkene addition which is not predicted by markonikov’s rule

Question 20

regioisomers

Answer 20

the 2 possible products of an unsymmetrical alkene additions reaction, only one actually occurs

Question 21

electrophlilic reagent

Answer 21

a reagent with poles of + and - charge

Question 22

1,2-addition product

Answer 22

the markonikov product or stoichiometrically limited electrophilic reagent to 1,3-butadiene

Question 23

1,4 addition product

Answer 23

the non- markonikov product or stoichiometrically limited electrophilic reagent to 1,3-butadiene

Question 24

cycloaddition

Answer 24

a type of 1,4 addition in which the reagent has a double bond resulting in a cyclic product

Question 25

aromatic compound

Answer 25

any compound containing a benzene ring

Question 26

ortho

Answer 26

2 side groups on adjacent C’s

Question 27

meta

Answer 27

2 side groups separated by a ring carbon with no substituent

Question 28

para

Answer 28

2 side groups on opposite sides of a benzene ring

Question 29

aryl side groups

Answer 29

a substituent containing a benzene ring

Question 30

arenes

Answer 30

aromatic HC’s

Question 31

reaction mechanism

Answer 31

a series of steps of elementary reactions; resulting in the overall reaction observed macroscopically

Question 32

elementary reaction

Answer 32

a single reaction in a reaction mechanism

Question 33

electrophilic attraction

Answer 33

attraction between a species and electrons

Question 34

electrophile

Answer 34

a species capable of attracting electrons

Question 35

electrophilic substitution

Answer 35

a substitution reaction occurring because of electrophilic attraction between electrons in a reactant and electrophilic reagent

Question 36

directed substitution

Answer 36

when synthesizing a disubstituted benzene derivative, the action of the first substituent in determining the relative positiion of the second

Question 37

ortho/para directing groups

Answer 37

a benzene substituent which directs a 2nd substituent to either an ortho or para position

Question 38

meta directing group

Answer 38

a benzene substituent which directs a 2nd substituent to a meta position

Question 39

activating groups

Answer 39

benzene substituents which increase the reactivity of a benzene ring; o/p directing gorups except halogens

Question 40

de-activating groups

Answer 40

benzene substituents which decrease the reactivity of a benzene ring

Question 41

polycyclic aromatic HC

Answer 41

an HC with 2 or more fused benzene rings

Question 42

fused ring system

Answer 42

a compound with 2 or more rings joined side-to-side; the simplest fused rings compound is naphthalene (mothballs)