O' chem test 1

Question 1

electron configuration

Answer 1

organization of electrons around the atomic nucleus

Question 2

principle of neutrality

Answer 2

in a neutral atom, the number of protons and electrons are equal

Question 3

inner shells

Answer 3

1 or more shells filled to capacity with electrons

Question 4

outer shell

Answer 4

the outermost shell, not filled except for inert gases

Question 5

valence electrons

Answer 5

electrons in the outer most shell of an atom; these are involved in bonding

Question 6

ion

Answer 6

a charged atom or group of atoms

Question 7

aufbau principle

Answer 7

electrons add to successive shells and sub-shells in a certain way

Question 8

orbital

Answer 8

a subdivision of a sublevel with a capacity of 2 electrons

Question 9

unpaired electron

Answer 9

an electron existing as the only one in an orbital

Question 10

orbital diagram

Answer 10

diagram showing placement of electrons in orbitals around the nucleus with arrows representing electrons with certain spin characteristics

Question 11

electron pair

Answer 11

2 electrons located in 1 orbital, each electron with opposite spin; also called paired electrons

Question 12

Hund’s rule

Answer 12

in filling orbitals of a sublevel, no orbital gets 2 electrons before each orbital has 1 electron

Question 13

representative elements

Answer 13

elements in which the outer shell has only an s and a p sublevel

Question 14

electrons dot picture

Answer 14

symbolizes outer shell electrons of representative elements by dots placed around the chemical symbols

Question 15

covalent bonding

Answer 15

bonding in which all electrons in a bond are equally shared

Question 16

bonding electrons

Answer 16

2 electrons involved in a bond; also called a bonding pair

Question 17

structural formula

Answer 17

a molecular diagram representing each bonding pair by a dash.

Question 18

polar covalent bonding

Answer 18

bonding in which electrons between atoms in a bond are unequally shared.

Question 19

electronegativity

Answer 19

the tendency of an atom to accept electrons

Question 20

bond polarization

Answer 20

formation of poles of change in a bond due to unequal electron sharing

Question 21

ionic bonding

Answer 21

bonding in which electrons are transferred to the more electronegative atom in a bond

Question 22

octet rule

Answer 22

representative elements usually seek to acquire 8 electrons in the outer shell via bonding

Question 23

common valence

Answer 23

the number of bonds an atom typically forms; equals the absolute value of ionic charge

Question 24

formal charge

Answer 24

a charge assigned to each atom in a covalent or polar covalent bond as if the bond ionic

Question 25

hybrid orbitals

Answer 25

orbitals formed in bonding not present in the unbonded atoms

Question 26

sigma orbitals

Answer 26

hybrid orbitals formed in bonding between atoms with c. v. = 1

Question 27

sp^3 orbitals

Answer 27

hybrid orbitals in an atom of c. v. 4 when bonded with 4 other atoms

Question 28

tetrahedral geometry

Answer 28

molecular shape with the central atom in the middle of a tetrahedral pyramid with side atoms at the apexes

Question 29

tetrahedral pyramid

Answer 29

pyramid with 4 faces

Question 30

isomers

Answer 30

molecules with the same chemical formula but different structural formulas

Question 31

resonance structures

Answer 31

Lewis formulas of a molecule differing only in the placement of electron pairs

Question 32

acyclic organics

Answer 32

compounds with carbon chains but no rings

Question 33

cyclic organics

Answer 33

compounds with at least 1 ring, often of only C

Question 34

heterocyclic organics

Answer 34

compounds with at least 1 ring with an atom other than Carbon in the ring

Question 35

functional group

Answer 35

a portion of a molecule which determines properties for the whole molecule

Question 36

hydrocarbon

Answer 36

organic compounds containing only H and C

Question 37

Alkanes

Answer 37

hydrocarbons with only single bonds between adjacent carbons

Question 38

homologous series

Answer 38

any group of compounds having the same general formula

Question 39

normal alkanes

Answer 39

alkanes with only a continuous carbon chain and no branches of any kind

Question 40

alkyl group

Answer 40

a substituent with only singly bonded hydrogens and carbons

Question 41

cycloalkanes

Answer 41

alkanes in the form of a ring of carbons

Question 42

abbreviated structural formulas

Answer 42

a method of writing structural formulas on 1 line by enclosing side groups in parenthesis.