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Systems: Cardiovascualar AB > Nutritional Aspects of CV Disease > Flashcards

Nutritional Aspects of CV Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main cause of mortality in Western countries?

A

CVD

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2
Q

What is the main cause of CVD?

A

Atherosclerosis

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3
Q

What is included in CVD?

A
  • CHD
  • Stroke
  • Peripheral vascular disease
  • Rheumatic heart disease
  • Congenital heart disease
  • DVT + PE
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4
Q

What is included in CHD?

A
  • Stable angina
  • Unstable angina
  • Acute MI
  • Sudden death
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5
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Sudden localised loss of brain function due to ischaemia or haemorrhage and lasting longer that 24hr.

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6
Q

What are ischaemic strokes a result of?

A

Thrombosis and emboli

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7
Q

What are haemorrhagic strokes a result of?

A

Rupture of arterial wall due to aneurysm or wall disease

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8
Q

What is peripheral vascular disease?

A

Disease of the aorta, iliac and leg arteries often coexisting with CVD

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9
Q

What is rheumatic heart disease?

A

Damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever caused by streptococcal bacteria

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10
Q

What is congenital heart disease?

A

Malformations of heart structure existing at birth

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11
Q

What are the main risk factors for CVD?

A
  • Diet
  • Hypertension
  • Obesity
  • Insulin resistant diabetes
  • Physical activity
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol
  • Foetal and infant growth
  • Genetic
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12
Q

What does excess energy intake and diet composition impact on?

A

Body composition and CVD risk

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13
Q

What parts of our diet are pro-atherogenic?

A
  • Cholesterol
  • Saturated FA
  • Trans FA
  • Sodium
  • Alcohol
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14
Q

What parts of our diet are anti-atherogenic?

A
  • PUFA
  • CHO rich diet
  • NSP
  • MUFA
  • Antioxidants
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15
Q

What is plasma concentration influenced by?

A

Fat content and quality in diet

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16
Q

What can hypercholesterolemia be due to?

A
  • Poor lifestyle

- Genetic

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17
Q

What is HDL cholesterol associated with?

A

Lower risk of CHD but only when LDL cholesterol is high

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18
Q

What do high levels of saturated FA in the diet increase?

A

Blood cholesterol levels

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19
Q

What do saturated FA act on?

A

LDL receptors (inhibition and suppression)

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20
Q

What are the daily guidelines on the intake of saturated FA?

A
  • Men no more than 30g/day

- Women no more than 20g/day

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21
Q

What do trans FA do?

A

Raise LDL cholesterol and plasma TAG and lower HDL cholesterol

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22
Q

What are the current guidelines around trans FA?

A

Consuming no more than 2% of total energy per day (around 5g for an adult)

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23
Q

What does sodium do?

A

Influences thrombosis by its effect on blood pressure

24
Q

How is BP lowered?

A
  • Decrease sodium intake

- Increase potassium intake

25
Q

What are the current sodium intake guidelines?

A

< 6g NaCl per day

26
Q

How many units of alcohol a week raises BP?

A

30 units

27
Q

In relation to alcohol, what increases the risk of stroke?

A

Habitual heavy as well as acute consumption

28
Q

What is n-6 PUFA?

A

Substitution of saturated FA

29
Q

What does n-6 PUFA do?

A

Lowers LDL cholesterol but also HDL cholesterol

30
Q

What are monosaturated FA?

A

Substitution of saturated FA by oleic acid

31
Q

What do monosaturated FA do?

A

Reduced both total and LDL cholesterol in the plasma

32
Q

What type of origin is n-3 PUFA?

A

Marine origin

33
Q

What does n-3 PUFA do?

A
  • Powerful reducing effects on TAG plasma levels but minimal effects on LDL and HDL levels
  • Potent anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic properties
34
Q

What are the effects of n-3 PUFA due to?

A

Long chain

35
Q

How does a high carbohydrate diet reduce CHD risk?

A

Reducing fat intake

36
Q

What is an increase in dietary non starch polysaccharide intake correlated with?

A
  • A decrease risk of CVD
  • Help reduce cholesterol levels
  • No effect on VLDL and TAG levels
  • Perhaps beneficial effects on insulin secretion
  • Beneficial effects on gut health
37
Q

What are antioxidants?

A

Essential components of the cellular defence against activated oxygen species

38
Q

What is high intake of vitamin C, E and fruit and veg associated with?

A

Lower risk of CVD

39
Q

What are included in antioxidants?

A
  • Se
  • Zn
  • Mn
  • Vitamin C
  • Vitamin E
  • Carotenoids
  • Flavonoids
40
Q

What evidence is there for the benefits of tea?

A
  • Some evidence for green tea due to catechin content

- No evidence for black tea

41
Q

What is the bioactive agent in garlic?

A

Allicin

42
Q

What amount of garlic is required daily to show benefit?

A

7 cloves

43
Q

What does garlic do?

A

Reduces platelet aggregation, increase fibrinolysis and decreases plasma fibrinogen

44
Q

What are N-3 PUFA especially potent at?

A

Reducing sudden death and non-fatal MI

45
Q

What effect does N-3 LCPUFA have in the heart?

A

Decreases arrythmias

46
Q

What effect does N-3 LCPUFA have on platelets?

A

Decrease thrombosis

47
Q

What effect does N-3 LCPUFA have on lipoprotein metabolism?

A

-Decreases fasting and post-prandial triglycerides

48
Q

What effect does N-3 LCPUFA have on smooth muscle cells?

A

Decreases growth factors

49
Q

What effects does N-3 LCPUFA have on immune cells?

A

Decreases

  • Chemo-attractants
  • Pro-inflammatory cytokines
  • Pro-inflammatory eicosanoids
50
Q

What effects does N-3 LCPUFA have on vascular endothelium?

A

Decreases

  • Growth factors
  • Chemoattractants
  • Pro-inflammatory cytokines
  • Pro-inflammatory eicosanoids
  • Blood pressure
  • Adhesion molecule expression
51
Q

What does wholegrain reduce risk of?

A
  • CAD
  • IHD
  • CHD
52
Q

What are other dietary components that are potentially important for health?

A
  • Vitamin D
  • Carotenoids
  • Phytochemicals
53
Q

Why can food and nutritional components affect individuals differently?

A

Genetics

54
Q

What can dietary components alter?

A
  • Molecular processes such as DNA structure, gene expression and metabolism
  • Disease initiation, development and progression
55
Q

What can individual genetic variation influence?

A

-How nutrients are assimilated, metabolised, stored and exreted by the body

Systems: Cardiovascualar AB (42 decks)

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