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Systems: Cardiovascualar AB > Anatomy of the CV system 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy of the CV system 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the CV system?

A
  • Heart
  • Arteries
  • Capillaries
  • Veins
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2
Q

What is the main function of the heart?

A

Pump

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3
Q

What is the main function of the arteries?

A

Distribution from the heart

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4
Q

What is the main function of the capillaries?

A

Main exchange site for nutrients, gases

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5
Q

What is the main function of the veins?

A

Collect and return to heart

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6
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

A
  • Endocardium
  • Myocardium
  • Ectoderm
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7
Q

What is the endocardium composed of?

A
  • Epithelium
  • Basement membrane
  • Connective tissue
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8
Q

What is the myocardium composed of?

A

Cardiac muscle

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9
Q

What is the epicardium composed of?

A
  • Connective tissue
  • Basement membrane
  • Epithelium
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10
Q

What are the 3 layers found in blood vessels?

A
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica adventitia
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11
Q

What is the tunica intima composed of?

A
  • Simple squamous epithelium
  • Basement membrane
  • Connective tissue
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12
Q

What is the tunica media composed of?

A
  • Smooth muscle tissue

- Elastic tissue

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13
Q

What is the tunica adventitia composed of?

A

-Fibrous connective tissue

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14
Q

What generalisations can be made about arteries?

A
  • Arteries are smaller in diameter than their accompanying vein
  • Arteries have thicker walls than their accompanying vein
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15
Q

How does the thickness of the tunica adventitia and media differ between arteries and veins?

A
  • Arteries have a thick media, thin adventitia

- Veins have a thin media, thick adventitia

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16
Q

How does diameter vary across blood vessels?

A

Arteries > arterioles > capillaries

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17
Q

How does the total cross-sectional area vary across blood vessels?

A

Arteries< arterioles< capillaries

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of artery?

A
  • Elastic
  • Muscular
  • Arterioles
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19
Q

Describe elastic arteries.

A

Large conducting

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20
Q

Give 3 examples of elastic arteries.

A
  • Aorta
  • Common carotid
  • Pulmonary
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21
Q

Describe muscular arteries.

A

Distributing arteries

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22
Q

Give 3 examples of muscular arteries.

A
  • Coronary arteries
  • Radial
  • Femoral
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23
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Terminal branches which supply blood to capillary bed

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24
Q

What happens to elastic arteries during systole?

A

Stretched

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25
Q

What do elastic arteries act as?

A

Pressure reservoirs

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26
Q

What happens to elastic arteries during diastole?

A
  • During diastole the heart relaxes which leads to a fall in pressure.
  • The artery recoils thereby maintaining pressure on the blood
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27
Q

What is the recoil and stretchability of elastic arteries due to?

A

The presence of extensive amounts of elastic fibres in T. media in the form of layers called laminae

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28
Q

What secretes elastic fibres?

A

Smooth muscle

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29
Q

What do muscular arteries do?

A

Control distribution of blood to regions

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30
Q

What does the thick T. media of muscular arteries contain?

A

Smooth muscle cells

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31
Q

What cannot be found between the muscle cells in the T. media of muscular arteries?

A

Elastic lamina

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32
Q

How are elastic fibres arranged in muscular arteries?

A

-Elastic fibres are concentrated in 2 well defined sheets call the internal elastic lamina (IEL) just under the epithelium and the thin outer elastic lamina (OEL) between T media and T adventitia

33
Q

What happens to the smaller muscular arteries?

A

The gradually change histologically to become arterioles

34
Q

What is lacking in arterioles?

A
  • IEL

- T adventitia

35
Q

What are arterioles composed of?

A
  • Endothelium

- Basement membrane

36
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle are there in the T media of arterioles?

A

1-2 layers

37
Q

What do arterioles control?

A
  • Local: control blood flow to capillary beds

- Systemic: control blood pressure

38
Q

What is lacking in capillaries?

A
  • T media

- T adventitia

39
Q

What are capillaries composed of?

A
  • Endothelium

- Basement membrane

40
Q

What are pericytes?

A

Incomplete layer of cells surrounding basement membrane. They have contractile properties which help control flow of blood in the capillaries

41
Q

Why is blood pressure in the capillaries low?

A

The sum of diameters of all capillaries in the body> diameter of the aorta

42
Q

What property of capillaries make them suited to their function?

A

Thin walled

43
Q

What is the only layer that capillaries have?

44
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

A
  • Continuous
  • Fenestrated
  • Discontinuous
45
Q

What are continuous capillaries responsible for?

A

Selective transport mechanisms

46
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found?

47
Q

What can continuous capillaries control?

A

Can control what is exchanged

48
Q

How does material pass through continuous capillaries?

A

Material must pass trough cells or between cells (junctions can control)

49
Q

How are fenestrated capillaries characterised?

A
  • Have fenestrations (or pores)

- With or without protein diaphragms

50
Q

What do protein diaphragms do in fenestrated capillaries?

A

Filter molecules by MW &/or charge

51
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

A
  • Endocrine glands

- Kidney renal corpuscle

52
Q

How are discontinuous capillaries characterised.

A

Contain gaps between endothelial cells (and basement membrane)

53
Q

What do the gaps in discontinuous capillaries allow?

A

Free passage of fluid and cells

54
Q

Where are discontinuous capillaries found?

A
  • Liver
  • Spleen
  • Bone marrow
55
Q

What are sinusoids?

A

Large diameter discontinuous capillaries

56
Q

Where are sinusoids found?

A

Where large amounts of exchange takes place:

  • Liver
  • Some endocrine glands
57
Q

What does the T intima of sinusoids contain?

A

Phagocytic cells

58
Q

What do arteriovenous shunts do?

A

Bypass capillary beds

59
Q

When do AV shunts occur?

A

Skin in thermoregulation

60
Q

What are the blood vessels involved in the venous system?

A
  • Capillary bed
  • Small venule
  • Small/medium sized vein
  • Large vein
61
Q

What is the structure of veins?

A
  • T intima is thin
  • IEL and OEL thin or absent
  • T media is very thin or absent
  • T adventitia - collagenous tissue
  • Valves
62
Q

What is the purpose of valves in the venous system?

A

To prevent back flow

63
Q

How to valves present in veins?

A

As endothelial projections into the lumen

64
Q

Where is the difference between superficial and deep veins most obvious?

A

Lower limb

65
Q

Describe superficial veins.

A
  • Thick walled

- No surrounding support

66
Q

Describe deep veins.

A
  • Thin walled

- Surrounding support from deep fascia and muscles

67
Q

Where are deep veins usually found?

A

-Deep veins lie next to their corresponding artery and are often found near the bone

68
Q

What is the fate of superficial veins?

A

Ultimately drain into deep veins

69
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Drains tissue fluid lost from blood capillaries

70
Q

What happens after fluid travels through the lymphatic system?

A

It drains into the systemic venous system

71
Q

Where are lymph nodes found?

A

Nodes found alongside major veins and around origins of major arteries

72
Q

What do valves in the lymphatic system do?

A

Direct flow

73
Q

What is the lymphatic system clinically important in?

A

Tumour cell metastases

74
Q

What are lymph capillaries lined by?

A

Very thin endothelium

75
Q

What kind of capillaries are lymph capillaries?

A

Blind ended

76
Q

What is absent in lymph capillaries?

A
  • Fenestrations
  • Absent/ rudimentary basal lamina
  • RBC
77
Q

What pressure maintains the lumen of lymph capillaries?

A

Negative hydrostatic pressure

78
Q

What is the role of anchoring filaments in lymph capillaries?

A

Fine collagenous filaments link endothelial cell to surrounding tissue keeping lumen open

79
Q

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Systems: Cardiovascualar AB (42 decks)

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