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Systems: Cardiovascualar AB > Embryology 1 > Flashcards

Embryology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 major stages in heart development?

A
  • Primitive heart tube
  • Heart looping
  • Atrial and ventricular septation
  • Outflow tract septation
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2
Q

When does heart development begin?

A

3rd week

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3
Q

What forms the circulatory system?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

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4
Q

How are the 2 primitive heart tubes formed?

A

Angiogenic cell islands collect in the lateral plate mesoderm, move towards the midline and coalesce

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5
Q

What is the first major system to function in the embryo?

A

Cardiovascular system

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6
Q

When does the primordial heart start to function?

A

Beginning of 4th week

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7
Q

Why does the cardiovascular system begin to function so early?

A

The embryo is rapidly growing and nutrition by diffusion is not enough to satisfy the growing embryo

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8
Q

Where do blood vessels first appear?

A
  • Wall of the yolk sac
  • Allantois
  • Connecting stalk
  • Chorion
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9
Q

What are angioblastic cords?

A

Paired endothelial strands

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10
Q

When do angioblastic cords appear?

A

3rd week

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11
Q

Where do angioblastic cords appear?

A

Cariogenic mesoderm

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12
Q

What do angioblastic cords canalize to form?

A

Heart tubes

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13
Q

What is formed when the tubular heart joins blood vessels in other areas?

A

Primordial cardiovascular system

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14
Q

What is the pericardium derived from?

A

Intra-embryonic coelm

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15
Q

What are the parietal and fibrous layers of the pericardium formed from?

A

Somatic mesoderm

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16
Q

What is the visceral layer of serous pericardium derived from?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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17
Q

What are the structures on the primitive heart tube from cranial to caudal end?

A
  • Truncus arteriosus
  • Bulbus cordis
  • Ventricle
  • Atrium
  • Sinus venosus
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18
Q

What structures are found in the arterial end of the primitive heart tube?

A
  • Truncus arteriosus
  • Bulbus cordis
  • Ventricle
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19
Q

What structures are found in the venous end of the primitive heart tube?

A
  • Atrium

- Sinus venosus

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20
Q

How many horns does the sinus venosus have?

A

2

Right and left

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21
Q

Where does each horn get blood from?

A
  • Yolk sac via vitelline vein
  • Placenta via umbilical vein
  • Body of the embryo via the common cardinal vein
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22
Q

What does the truncus arteriosus continue cranially with?

A

Aortic sac

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23
Q

What arises from the aortic sac?

A

Aortic arches

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24
Q

Where do the aortic arches terminate?

A

Dorsal aorta

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25
Q

Which way does the primitive heart tube loop?

A

Anti-clockwise

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26
Q

Which regions of the primitive heart tube grow fastest?

A
  • Bulbus cordis

- Ventricle

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27
Q

What do the bulbus cordis and ventricle form?

A

They form a u-shape known as the bulboventricular loop

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28
Q

How does the heart come to face the right?

A

The heart tube loops to the left side

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29
Q

What is the most frequent positional abnormality of the heart?

A

Dextrocardia

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30
Q

What other condition is dextrocardia associated with?

A

Situs inversus

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31
Q

When does the partitioning of the primordial heart occur?

A

Around the 27th to 37th day of embryonic development

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32
Q

What does the partitioning of the primordial heart involve?

A

1 or 2 actively growing masses of tissue

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33
Q

What does endocardial cushion formation result in?

A

Separation of the right atrioventricular opening from the left atrioventricular opening

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34
Q

What does septum formation result in?

A

Separation of the right atrium from the left atrium and right ventricle from the left ventricle

35
Q

What are many cardiac malformations associated with?

A

Defective formation of endocardial cushion and septum formation

36
Q

What can defective endocardial cushion and septum formation result in?

A
  • Atrial septal defect

- Ventricular septal defect

37
Q

When does the partitioning of primordial atrium into left and right atria take place?

A

Starts towards the end of the 4th week

38
Q

What develop during the portioning of the primordial atrium into left and right atria?

A
  • Septum primum and foramen primum

- Septum secondum and foramen secundum

39
Q

What is the ostium primum?

A

Opening between septum primum and endocardial cushion

40
Q

Where is the foramen secundum formed?

A

At the upper end of septum primum

41
Q

Where is the septum secundum formed?

A

On the right of the septum primum

42
Q

After formation what does the septum secundum do?

A

It grows and overlaps the foramen secundum.

43
Q

Why is the septum secundum incomplete?

A

Perforated by oval foramen

44
Q

What is the opening in the septum primum?

A

Foramen secundum

45
Q

What is the opening in the septum secundum?

A

Foramen ovale

46
Q

What is the role of the oval foramen?

A
  • Allows most of the blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium
  • Prevents the passage of blood in the opposite direction
47
Q

What normally happens to the oval foramen after birth?

A
  • It normally closes

- Increased pulmonary blood flow and shift of pressure to the lift atrium

48
Q

What happens to the septum primum after birth?

A

It fuses with the septum secundum

49
Q

What is the oval fossa in the adult heart?

A

A remnant of foetal oval foramen

50
Q

What does non-closure of the oval foramen result in?

A

Atrial septal defect

51
Q

What are the 4 clinically significant types of ASD?

A
  • Foramen secundum defect
  • Endocardial cushion defect
  • Sinus venosus defect
  • Common atrium
52
Q

Who do atrial septal defects affect more often?

A

Females

53
Q

What is the first stage in the partitioning of the primordial ventricle?

A

Muscular ventricular septum forms. Opening is called intraventicular foramen

54
Q

What happens in the partitioning of the primordial ventricle after the muscular ventricular septum forms?

A

Aorticopulmonary septum rotates and fuses with muscular ventricular septum to form membranous interventricular septum, closing interventricular foramen

55
Q

What is the final stage in the partitioning of the primordial ventricle?

A

Growth of endocardial cushions separates atria from venticles and contributes to both atrial septation (distally) and membranous portion of the interventricular septum (proximally)

56
Q

What happens during the 5th week of development?

A

Partitioning of bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus

57
Q

What must happen before the partitioning of the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus?

A

Active proliferation mesenchymal cells in the walls of the BC and TA

58
Q

What happens during the partitioning of BC and TA?

A
  • Bulbur ridges and truncal ridges are formed
  • They undergo 180 degree spiralling resulting in the formation of aorticopulmonary septum
  • This septum divides BC and TA in to aorta and pulmonary trunk
59
Q

What causes the spiralling of the bulbur and truncal ridges?

A

Streaming of blood from the ventricles

60
Q

What is the most common type of congenital heart defect?

A

Ventricular septal defect

61
Q

Where do VSDs appear?

A

Can appear in any part of the septum

62
Q

What is the outcome of most small VSDs?

A

Close spontaneously

63
Q

What is the most common type of VSD?

A

Membranous

64
Q

Who do VSDs most commonly affect?

A

Males

65
Q

Where are early pacemakers found?

A

Primordial atrium and then sinus venosus

66
Q

When does the SA node develop?

A

5th week

67
Q

Where is the location of the SA in and adult?

A

High in the right atrium near the entrance of the SVC

68
Q

What do the AV node and bundle develop from?

A

Cells of AV canal and sinus venosus

69
Q

What is cot death/sudden infant death syndrome?

A

Abnormalities of conducting tissue

70
Q

What is the fate of the aortic sac?

A

Aortic arches

71
Q

What is the fate of the bulbus cordis?

A
  • Right ventricle

- Parts of the outflow tracts

72
Q

What is the fate of the primitive ventricle?

A

Left ventricle

73
Q

What is the fate of the primitive atrium?

A

Parts of the right and left atria

74
Q

What is the fate of the sinus venosus?

A
  • Superior vena cava

- Right atrium

75
Q

What are the factors affecting the aetiology of congenital heart disease?

A
  • Rubella infection in pregnancy
  • Maternal alcohol abuse
  • Maternal drug treatment and radiation
  • Genetic
  • Chromosomal
76
Q

What congenital heart diseases are more common in females?

A
  • Atrial septal defect

- Patent ductus arteriosus

77
Q

What type of defects can maternal alcohol abuse lead to?

A

Septal defects

78
Q

What is a common cause of cyanotic disease in newborn infants?

A

Transposition of great vessels

79
Q

What is transposition of great vessels associated with?

A
  • ASD

- VSD

80
Q

What does transposition of great vessels permit?

A

Exchange of systemic and pulmonary circulation

81
Q

What are the 2 causes of transposition of great vessels?

A
  • Failure of aorticopulmonary septum to take a spiral course

- Defective migration of neural crest cells

82
Q

What are the 4 cardiac defects that make up the teratology of fallot?

A
  • Pulmonary stenosis
  • Ventricular septal defect
  • Dextroposition of aorta
  • Right ventricular hypertrophy
83
Q

What is the cause of fallot?

A

Unequal division of the conus due to anterior displacement of aorticopulmonary septum

Systems: Cardiovascualar AB (42 decks)

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