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Systems: Cardiovascualar AB > Embryology 2 > Flashcards

Embryology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 methods by which blood vessels develop?

A
  • Vasculogenesis

- Angiogenesis

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2
Q

Vasculogenesis

A

The new formation of a primitive vascular network

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3
Q

Angiogenesis

A

The growth of new vessels from pre-existing blood vessels

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4
Q

Where is the aortic sac formed from?

A

Extension of truncus arteriosus of primordial heart tube

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5
Q

What are the first arteries to appear in the embryo?

A

Right and left primitive aorta

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6
Q

What does each primitive aorta have?

A

A ventral part (ventral aorta) and a dorsal part (dorsal aorta)

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7
Q

When do the two ventral aorta partially fuse to form the aortic sac?

A

After the fusion of 2 endocardial tubes

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8
Q

What arise from the aortic sac?

A

Aortic branches

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9
Q

How many arches are on either side?

A

6

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10
Q

What are the 3 sub-circulations?

A
  • Cardinal
  • Vitelline
  • Umbilical
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11
Q

When do the pharyngeal arches develop?

A

During weeks 4+5

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12
Q

What does each pharyngeal arch receive?

A

Its own nerve and artery (pharyngeal arteries)

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13
Q

hat do the pharyngeal arteries communicate with?

A

Aortic branches

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14
Q

What do the aortic branches become?

A

Aortic arches

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15
Q

What are the 6 aortic arches on each side all in communication with?

A

Dorsal aortae

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16
Q

How are the aortic arches formed?

A

Pharyngeal arch arteries join aortic branches

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17
Q

What usually develops from aortic branches and pharyngeal arch arteries ?

A

6 pairs of aortic arches

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18
Q

Where do the aortic arches terminate?

A

Dorsal aorta

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19
Q

What are the fates of arches 1 + 2?

A
  • Disappear early

- Remnant of 1st arch forms part of the maxillary artery (branch of ext. carotid artery)

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20
Q

What is the fate of arch 3?

A

-Constitutes the commencement of the internal carotid artery and is therefore named the carotid arch

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21
Q

What is the fate of the 4th right arch?

A

Right subclavian artery

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22
Q

What is the fate of the 4th left arch?

A

Constitutes the distal part of the aortic arch

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23
Q

What is the fate of arch 5?

A

Either never forms or forms incompletely and then regresses

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24
Q

What is the fate of the 6th right arch?

A

The proximal part persists as the proximal part of the right pulmonary artery

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25
Q

What is the fate of the 6th left arch?

A

Gives off the left pulmonary artery and forms the ductus arteriosus.

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26
Q

What happens to the ductus arteriosus within 1-3 months?

A

The ductus is obliterated and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum

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27
Q

What do most defects of the great arteries arise as a result of?

A

Persistence of aortic arches that normally should regress or regression of arches that normally shouldn’t

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28
Q

Aberrant subclavian artery

A
  • With regression of the right aortic arch 4 and the right dorsal aorta, the right subclavian artery has an abnormal origin on the left side.
  • To supply blood to the right arm, this forces the right subclavian artery to cross the midline behind the trachea and oesophagus, which may constrict these organs.
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29
Q

What is the symptoms of aberrant subclavian artery?

A

Usually no clinical symptoms

30
Q

Double aortic arch

A

Occurs with the development of an abnormal right aortic arch in addition to the left aortic arch, forming a vascular ring around the trachea and oesophagus which usually causes difficulty breathing and swallowing

31
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus

A
  • A condition wherein the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth.
  • Early symptoms are uncommon, but in the 1st year of life include increased work of breathing and poor weight gain.
32
Q

What is the outcome of an uncorrected patent ductus arteriosus?

A

May lead to congestive heart failure with increasing age

33
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A

A congenital condition wherein the aorta is narrow, usually in the area where the ductus arteriosus inserts.

34
Q

Where are coarctations most common?

A

Aortic arch

35
Q

Where can coarctations occur

A
  • Proximal to ductus arteriosus (preductal)

- Distal to ductus arteriosus (postductal)

36
Q

What arteries supply the yolk sac in the embryo?

A

Vitelline arteries

37
Q

What are the vitelline arteries represented by in the adult?

A
  • Celiac artery (artery of the foregut)
  • Superior mesenteric artery (artery of the midgut)
  • Inferior mesenteric artery (artery of the hindgut)
38
Q

What is the fate of the umbilical arteries before birth?

A

Paired branches of the dorsal aorta to placenta

39
Q

What happens to the proximal portion of the umbilical arteries after birth?

A

Persists as internal iliac and superior vesical branches ( to urinary bladder)

40
Q

What happens to the distal portion of the umbilical arteries after birth?

A

Degenerates to form obliterated umbilical arteries and forms medial umbilical ligaments

41
Q

Where do vitelline veins transport blood?

A

Carry blood from the yolk sac to the sinus venosus

42
Q

Where do umbilical veins originate?

A

Chorionic villi of the placenta

43
Q

Where do the umbilical veins carry oxygenated blood to?

A

Embryo

44
Q

What do cardinal veins do?

A
  • Drain the body of the embryo

- Carry the blood from the head and the lower body into the heart

45
Q

What are the fates of the vitelline veins?

A
  • Portal vein
  • Hepatocardiac (liver to heart) part of the inferior cava
  • Liver sinusoids
  • Superior mesenteric vein
46
Q

What is the fate of the right umbilical vein?

A

Degenerates completely

47
Q

What is the fate of the left umbilical vein?

A

Obliterates and forms ligamentum teres of adult liver

48
Q

What is the fate of the ductus venosus?

A

Obliterates and forms ligamentum venosum

49
Q

What does the ductus venosus do in the foetus?

A

Shunts a portion of the left umbilical vein blood flow directly to the inferior vena cava. Thus, it allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver

50
Q

What are the cardinal veins ancestors of?

A

All intraembryonic vasculature

51
Q

What is the main venous drainage system of the embryo?

A

Cardinal veins

52
Q

What does the cardinal venous system consist of?

A

Anterior, posterior and common cardinal veins draining to sinus venosus

53
Q

What do the cardinal veins form?

A

Vena cave (SVC+IVC) system by anastomosis among the veins

54
Q

What venous system abnormalities are there?

A
  • Double IVC
  • Absence of IVC
  • Left SVC
  • Double SVC
55
Q

When does the lymphatic system develop?

A

End of the 6th week around the main veins

56
Q

What part of the lymphatic system develops at the end of the embryonic period?

A

Six primary lymph sacs

57
Q

What is good respiration in a neonate dependent on?

A

Normal circulatory transition at birth (placental circulation to pulmonary circulation)

58
Q

What vascular structures are important in the transitional circulation

A
  • Ductus venosus
  • Oval foramen
  • Ductus arteriosus
59
Q

What does the ductus venosus do?

A
  • Shunts left umbilical vein blood flow directly to IVC

- Allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver

60
Q

What does the oval foramen do?

A
  • Allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium
  • Allows blood to bypass the lungs
61
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus do?

A

Allows blood that still escapes to the right ventricle to bypass the lungs

62
Q

What is the foetal circulation system?

A
  • Aorta
  • Descending aorta
  • Abdominal aorta
  • Common iliac artery
  • Umbilical arteries
  • Placenta
  • Umbilical vein
63
Q

What does the ductus venosus become?

A

Ligamentum venosum of the liver

64
Q

What happens to the oval foramen?

A
  • Closes after birth by tissue proliferation and adhesion of septal structures
  • Becomes fossa ovalis
65
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus become?

A

Obliterates to form ligamentum arteriosum

66
Q

Who does patent ductus arteriosus more commonly effect?

A

Females

67
Q

What is patent ductus arteriosus associated with?

A

Maternal rubella infection in early pregnancy

68
Q

What is the cause of patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Failure of muscular wall to contract, respiratory distress syndrome and lack of surfactant in the lungs

69
Q

What are the main theories of the cause of coarctation of aorta?

A
  • Incorporation of muscle tissue of ductus arteriosus into arch of aorta. When ductus arteriosus contracts after birth, part of the arch also constricts
  • Genetic/ environmental factors
70
Q

Where do most cases of coarctation occur?

A

Opposite the ductus arteriosus

Systems: Cardiovascualar AB (42 decks)

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