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Systems: Cardiovascualar AB > Anatomy of the CV system 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy of the CV system 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the heart?

A

Pump

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2
Q

What is the primary function of the arteries?

A

Distribute blood from the heart

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3
Q

What is the primary function of the veins?

A

Collect and return blood to the heart

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4
Q

What is the primary function of the lymphatics?

A

Drain excess extracellular fluid from tissues

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5
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Middle mediastinum

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6
Q

Where are the blood vessels located?

A

Everywhere but cartilage

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7
Q

Where is the lymphatic system located?

A

Everywhere but the brain and the eye

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8
Q

What are the 2 main circulations?

A
  • Pulmonary

- Systemic

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9
Q

Where is the pulmonary circulation located?

A

Heart- lungs- heart

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10
Q

Where is the systemic circulation located?

A

Heart- body- heart

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11
Q

What 2 other systems are involved inn the transport of materials?

A
  • Hepatic portal circulation

- Lymphatic system

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12
Q

What forms the base of the heart posteriorly?

A

Left ventricle

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13
Q

What is embedded in the fat found on the heart?

A

Blood vessels

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14
Q

What do blocked coronary arteries cause?

A

Myocardial infarctions

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15
Q

What are the veins embedded in the fat called?

A

Cardiac veins

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16
Q

What are the arteries embedded in the fat called?

A

Coronary arteries

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17
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

A venous channel

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18
Q

Mediastinum

A

Area of thoracic cavity between pleural sacs

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19
Q

What does the superior mediastinum lie above?

A

Sternomanubrial joint

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20
Q

Where is the inferior mediastinum found?

A
  • Starts at T4

- Goes down to the diaphragm

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21
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the inferior mediastinum?

A
  • Anterior
  • Middle
  • Posterior
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22
Q

What gland is present in children but absent in adults?

A

Thymus

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23
Q

On CXRs what is the aortic knuckle?

A

Aortic arch

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24
Q

What is the surface anatomy of the apex of the heart?

A

5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular line

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25
Q

How does breathing affect the position of the apex of the heart?

A

It moves it up and down

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26
Q

Why does the position of the heart change depending on whether you are standing up or lying down?

A

Gravity

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27
Q

How does the position of the heart in a child compare to that of the adult?

A

It is higher and more horizontal

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28
Q

What lies anterior to the heart?

A
  • Sternum and costal cartilages 4-7
  • Thymic remnants
  • Lungs and pleurae
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29
Q

What lies posterior to the heart?

A
  • Oesophagus
  • Descending aorta
  • Thoracic vertebrae 5-8
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30
Q

What lies lateral to the heart?

A
  • Lungs

- Phrenic nerves

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31
Q

What lies inferior to the lungs?

A

Central tendon of the diaphragm

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32
Q

What is the vertebral level of the sternal angle?

A

T4

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33
Q

What nerve supplies the pericardium?

A

Phrenic nerve

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34
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A
  • Endocardium
  • Myocardium
  • Epicardium
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35
Q

What is the endocardium composed of?

A
  • Epithelium
  • Basement membrane
  • Connective tissue
36
Q

What is the myocardium composed of?

A

Muscle

37
Q

What is the epicardium composed of?

A
  • Connective tissue
  • Basement membrane
  • Epithelium
38
Q

What is the same layer as the epithelium of the epicardium?

A

Visceral layer of serous pericardium

39
Q

What does the endocardium form?

A

Valves

40
Q

What type of cells are found in the endocardium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium sitting o basement membrane sitting on connective tissue

41
Q

Where is the endocardium found?

A

Lining the heart chambers

42
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Thick middle layer of the heart wall

43
Q

What type of muscle is the myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle composed of myocytes

44
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A
  • Striated muscle
  • Lots of mitochondria
  • Rich capillary bed
  • Muscle bundles in different planes to close down chamber lumen
  • Myocytes connected by intercalated discs
45
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

Complex junctions that connect myocytes

46
Q

What type of junctions do intercalated discs contain?

A
  • Desmosomes

- Gap junctions

47
Q

What do desmosomes do?

A
  • Connect at horizontal interface

- Bind myocytes together

48
Q

What do gap junctions do?

A
  • Connect at vertical interface
  • Electrical communication
  • Essential to co-ordinated cardiac cycle
49
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

Outer layer of the heart wall

50
Q

What does the epicardium contain?

A

Branches of coronary arteries embedded in fat

51
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A
  • Right atrium
  • Right ventricle
  • Left ventricle
  • Left atrium
52
Q

What controls the direction of blood flow?

A

Valves

53
Q

Which chamber forms the inferior border of the heart?

A

Right ventricle

54
Q

Which chamber forms the superior border of the heart?

A

Left atrium

55
Q

Which chamber forms the right border of the heart?

A

Right atrium

56
Q

Which chamber forms the left border of the heart?

A

Left ventricle

57
Q

What do heart valves do??

A

Control direction of blood flow

58
Q

What are cusps?

A

Thin structures derived from endocardium

59
Q

What is the energy demand of cusps?

A

They work passively

60
Q

What prevents valve failure?

A
  • Chordae tendinaea

- Papillary muscles

61
Q

What abnormalities can arise in valves?

A
  • Widening known as incompetence

- Narrowing known as stenosis

62
Q

What infection can effect valves?

A

Bacterial endocarditis

63
Q

Which valves are known as semi-lunar valves?

A
  • Pulmonary

- Aortic

64
Q

What is another name for the mitral valve?

A

Bicuspid

65
Q

What are the bicuspid and tricuspid valves also known as?

A

Atrio-ventricular valves

66
Q

What does failure of the aortic valve cause?

A

Back flow of blood into the left ventricle

67
Q

What kind of tissue is the cardiac skeleton composed from?

A

Connective tissue

68
Q

What are the 2 functions of the cardiac skeleton?

A
  • Structural support

- Electrical insulation

69
Q

What does the cardiac skeleton provide support for?

A
  • Atrioventricular septum
  • Roots of great vessels
  • Anchorage for valves
  • Myocytes/ capillary network
70
Q

What does the cardiac skeleton provide electrical insulation for?

A
  • Atria from ventricles

- Myocardium from great vessels

71
Q

What modulates the beating of the heart?

A

Vagus nerve and sympathetic chian

72
Q

What are the 2 main coronary arteries?

A

Right and left

73
Q

Why does blood not enter the coronary arteries during systole?

A

The openings in the aortic sinuses are shielded by the aortic valve

74
Q

Why does blood enter the coronary arteries during diastole?

A

Elastic recoil of aorta closes aortic valve and blood enters arteries

75
Q

Where are the coronary arteries located?

A

Epicardium

76
Q

What does occlusion of the coronary arteries cause?

A

Heart attack

77
Q

Why can blood flow into the capillaries during diastole?

A

Myocardium relaxes

78
Q

What does the heart ‘hang’ by?

A

Great vessels within fibrous pericardium

79
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

A dense connective tissue bag

80
Q

What does the pericardium attach to?

A
  • Central tendon of diaphragm
  • Sternum
  • Roots of great vessels
81
Q

What lines the pericardium?

A

Serous pericardium layer

82
Q

What type of tissue is the serous pericardium?

A

Epithelium

83
Q

What does the serous pericardium secrete?

A

Pericardial fluid which acts as a lubricant

84
Q

What is the visceral layer bound to?

A

Heart

85
Q

What is the parietal layer bound to?

A

Fibrous pericardium

86
Q

What does the serous pericardium allow?

A

Freedom of movement during cardiac cycle

87
Q

What is the serous pericardium composed of?

A

Continuous layer of visceral and parietal pericardium

Systems: Cardiovascualar AB (42 decks)

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