Nutrition Promotion and Food & Nutrition Systems Flashcards
What is a food system, and what are its key components?
A food system includes all processes, activities, and stakeholders involved in food production, processing, distribution, and consumption.
Key components:
Food production: Growing crops and raising livestock.
Processing & packaging: Converting raw materials into edible products and ensuring safety, shelf life, and transportation.
Retailing: Distribution to grocery stores, markets, and restaurants.
Consumption: Purchase, preparation, and consumption of food.
Food waste: Includes both pre-consumer (processing & retail) and post-consumer waste (leftovers).
Why are sustainable eating practices important?
Reduce negative environmental, social, and economic impacts.
Retailer specifications & food waste: Aesthetic standards lead to waste; retailers should sell “imperfect” produce.
Individual food waste: Education on meal planning, storage, and portion control.
Environmental impact: Food waste contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.
Resource conservation: Preserves water, energy, and land used in food production.
Food security: Minimising waste increases food availability.
Economic savings: Reducing waste benefits both consumers and businesses.
What are key health problems associated with obesity?
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD): Increases risk of high BP, elevated cholesterol, insulin resistance.
Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM): Excess body weight increases insulin resistance risk.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Contributes to kidney damage and impaired function.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Worsens lung function and symptoms.
Mental health issues: Linked to depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and body dysmorphia.
What are the key aspects of Australia’s obesity prevention efforts?
National Obesity Strategy 2022-2032: 10-year plan focusing on prevention, early intervention, and support.
Policy & legislative actions: South Australia banned junk food ads on public transport (effective 2025); push for a national ban.
Investment in obesity prevention: $778 million allocated (2013-2022).
National physical activity guidelines: Government encourages regular exercise.
Addressing weight stigma: Recognition of its impact on health and well-being.
A policymaker wants to tackle childhood obesity through national legislation. What key actions from Australia’s obesity prevention strategy could they implement?
They could ban junk food advertisements targeting children, increase investment in prevention programs, and promote physical activity guidelines to encourage healthier behaviours.
What are the aims and goals of the National Obesity Strategy 2022-2032?
Aims: Reduce the proportion of Australians impacted by overweight and obesity.
Goals:
- Halt and reverse adult obesity trends by 2030.
- Reduce childhood & adolescent obesity by 5% by 2030.
What are the risk factors for nutritional deficiencies in adolescents?
- Iron deficiency anaemia, low calcium intake, high salt intake, low fibre intake.
- Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, alcohol, and risky behaviours.
How does the Social-Cognitive Behavioural Theory explain adolescent eating behaviour?
It considers interplay between personal, environmental, and behavioural factors, including:
- Self-efficacy: Confidence in making healthy choices.
Reward reinforcement: Positive/negative reinforcement affects behaviour. - Learning by social interaction: Observing others’ eating habits.
- Behavioural capacity: Knowledge & skills needed to make dietary changes.
- Self-control & expectations: Managing food intake based on expectations.
An adolescent eats fast food frequently due to peer pressure. What factors influence this behaviour, and how could intervention help?
Peer pressure, social norms and convenience shape eating choices.
Educating on self-efficacy and healthier alternatives could encourage behaviour change.
What is the PRECEDE/PROCEED model, and how does it guide nutrition promotion?
A systematic, participatory approach to designing, implementing, and evaluating health promotion interventions.
PRECEDE Model Phases (assessing health issues & designing interventions):
- Social assessment & situational analysis: Identify desired health outcomes.
- Epidemiological assessment: Identify community health issues and barriers.
- Behavioural & environmental assessment: Identify factors influencing behaviours.
- Educational & ecological assessment: Assess policies and administrative barriers.
PROCEED Model Phases (implementation & evaluation):
- Implementation: Conduct intervention based on PRECEDE insights.
- Process evaluation: Assess if intervention is being implemented correctly.
- Impact evaluation: Determine changes in behaviour, attitudes, or environment.
- Outcome evaluation: Assess whether the intervention achieves the desired results.
A community health program aims to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. How could the PRECEDE/PROCEED model be applied?
PRECEDE: Identify health risks, assess community habits, and address barriers to change.
PROCEED: Implement an education campaign, assess progress, and adjust strategies for effectiveness.
What are key sources of public health nutrition data in Australia?
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS): Provides demographic, economic, and health statistics.
Australian Institute of Health & Welfare (AIHW): National agency reporting on health and welfare issues.
National Health & Medical Research Council (NHMRC): Funds research and provides clinical guidelines.
A dietitian is researching national obesity trends and intervention success rates. Which sources should they consult?
ABS for demographic data
AIHW for health trends
NHMRC for research on interventions and guidelines
What is a Food & Nutrition System (FNS), and why is it important?
An FNS ensures access to safe, nutritious, and culturally appropriate food while addressing environmental and social concerns.
It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among governments, industries, civil society, and consumers.
What are the key components of a Food & Nutrition System (FNS)?
Food Production: Utilises sustainable agricultural practices to minimise environmental impacts.
Food Processing: Converts raw products into market-ready foods, enhancing safety and nutrition.
Distribution & Supply Chain: Efficient systems ensure food availability and reduce waste.
Food Access & Affordability: Aims to eliminate food deserts and ensure everyone can access nutritious food.
Nutrition Education: Helps combat malnutrition, obesity, and diet-related diseases.
Food Safety: Monitors contamination risks at every stage of production.
Cultural & Social Considerations: Promotes culturally sensitive healthy eating.
Sustainability: Reduces resource depletion, greenhouse gases, and protects biodiversity.
Food Policy & Governance: Oversees food security, trade, labelling, and marketing.
Research & Innovation: Enhances agricultural practices and food production.
Food Waste Reduction: Critical for resource efficiency.
Global & Local Perspectives: Local systems (e.g., farmers markets) enhance food security and support local economies.
A community is facing environmental degradation due to intensive farming. What sustainable practices can be integrated into the food production process?
Sustainable agricultural practices like crop rotation, organic farming, reduced pesticide use, and efficient water management can help minimise environmental impacts.
What are the key aspects of food processing in an FNS?
Transformation: Converts raw materials into market-ready products.
Safety: Ensures food is safe for consumption.
Nutritional Enhancement: Improves food’s nutritional value.
Shelf Life: Extends through appropriate processing and packaging techniques.
In a low-income urban area, residents struggle to find fresh produce. What strategies can be used to improve food access and affordability?
Establish community gardens, farmers markets, mobile food units, and subsidise healthy foods to improve access and affordability.
Why is food safety a critical component of an FNS?
Prevents contamination and food borne illnesses.
Requires monitoring and regulation at all stages of production, processing, and distribution.
Ensures consumer trust in the food supply.
How does sustainability play a role in a Food & Nutrition System (FNS)?
Integrates environmental, economic, and social factors.
Promotes resource conservation, reduces greenhouse gases, and protects biodiversity.
Encourages sustainable farming and responsible consumption practices.
What strategies can be used to reduce food waste within an FNS?
Implement better storage and transportation methods.
Educate consumers on meal planning and portion control.
Encourage retailers to sell “imperfect” produce.
Develop community programs for food recovery and redistribution.
What is the role of food policy and governance in an FNS?
Ensures food security through regulation and policy.
Oversees trade, labelling, and marketing practices.
Involves governments, NGOs, and international organisations to create effective food systems.
How can cultural considerations be integrated into a national nutrition program?
Programs should respect cultural food preferences, involve community leaders, and promote traditional foods that align with healthy eating guidelines.
How do research and innovation contribute to a better FNS?
Develop new food products and sustainable farming techniques.
Improve nutritional understanding and public health outcomes.
Enhance efficiency in the supply chain through technology.
A rural community struggles with food security. How can local food systems support this community?
Farmers markets, community gardens, and local cooperatives can enhance food security, provide fresh produce, and stimulate local economies.
______ is essential for preventing foodborne illnesses, while ______ helps address environmental impacts of food production.
Food safety; sustainability.
Reducing food waste at each stage of the food system helps conserve ______, ______, and ______.
Water, energy, and land resources.
What are food deserts, and how can they be addressed?
Food deserts are areas with limited access to affordable, nutritious food. They can be addressed by establishing farmers markets, providing mobile grocery services, subsidising healthy foods, and encouraging local food production.
What is the importance of incorporating global and local perspectives in an FNS?
Global perspectives promote sustainable practices and international collaboration.
Local perspectives support community resilience, food security, and cultural relevance.
Both enhance resource efficiency and environmental sustainability.
