Models of Social Health Flashcards
A public health team wants to understand why childhood obesity is increasing in their community. What step from the Bicycle Framework should they prioritise?
Intelligence – assess the problem, its causes, and impact on the community while engaging stakeholders.
The {Action} step in the Bicycle Framework involves designing and implementing ____ tailored to the community’s specific needs.
Evidence-based interventions
What does the Evaluation step in the Bicycle Framework assess?
The impact of interventions on health determinants and outcomes.
Needs assessment is like taking a car for diagnostics because ____.
It identifies the underlying issues and priorities to inform targeted interventions.
List three key benefits of conducting a needs assessment.
- Empowers the community by addressing priorities.
- Identifies resources for efficient allocation.
- Establishes a baseline for evaluation.
A community lacks trained professionals to deliver health programs. Which capacity-building focus should be emphasized?
Workforce development to enhance competencies and deliver effective interventions.
Capacity building involves developing the ____, ____, and ____ of individuals, organisations, and communities.
Skills, knowledge, and resources
What engagement strategies can be used to match community characteristics and preferences?
Town hall meetings, focus groups, and participatory workshops.
A PHN practitioner maps out individuals and organizations that influence health initiatives. What step is this?
Stakeholder mapping.
Levels of participation include Information, Consultation, Collaboration, Co-creation, and ____.
Empowerment
Community empowerment is like giving someone fishing gear and teaching them to fish because ____.
It enables them to sustain their well-being independently.
What are the four types of community capital in social health?
Social capital, ecological capital, human capital, and economic capital.
A neighborhood with limited green spaces and poor water quality struggles with health outcomes. Which type of capital is affecting them?
Ecological capital.
Community analysis involves collecting ____, such as demographics and health indicators, to understand health needs.
Comprehensive data
What is the purpose of participatory approaches like photo voice in community analysis?
To involve community members in data collection and promote ownership of findings.
A community leader collaborates with PHN practitioners to co-create a health initiative. What level of participation does this represent?
Co-creation.
Social capital is like a strong web because ____.
It connects and supports individuals within a community, fostering trust and cooperation.
Building community capacity helps reduce reliance on ____.
External resources and interventions
Intelligence:
Assess nutrition problems, causes, impacts, collect data, engage stakeholders.
Action:
Design and implement evidence-based interventions (educational programs, policies, environmental modifications).
Evaluation:
Assess impact on health determinants and outcomes.
Needs Assessment:
Fundamental for planning successful interventions.
Engage the community to identify priorities, challenges, and needs.
Identify resources for efficient allocation.
Collaborate with stakeholders (e.g., local organisations, government, healthcare).
Identify barriers and develop strategies to overcome them.
Evidence-based decision-making using data collection and analysis.
Provides a baseline for evaluation.
Capacity Building strengthens skills, knowledge, and resources of individuals, organisations, and communities.
Key components are:
Workforce development for effective interventions.
Community empowerment to address nutrition needs.
Partnerships and collaboration with stakeholders.
Data and research skills to inform decision-making.
Community Engagement & Analysis:
Involves community members in planning and decision-making.
Engagement strategies tailored to the community: town halls, focus groups, participatory workshops.
Builds trust, rapport, and insight into community needs.
Stakeholder mapping to identify influencers and supporters.
Analyzing social determinants of health (e.g., income, education, housing).
Levels of Participation:
Information: Sharing data to raise awareness.
Consultation: Seeking feedback and suggestions.
Collaboration: Designing and implementing programs with the community.
Co-creation: Actively developing solutions with the community.
Empowerment: Enabling the community to take control of their health independently.
Community Development Constructs:
Empowerment: Strengthen ability to control health and well-being.
Equity: Address needs and disparities faced by marginalized populations.
Community organization & action: Partnerships and advocacy for sustainable change.
Community development: Flexible and adaptive to evolving priorities.
Building Community Capital:
Social capital: Relationships and networks that foster cooperation and trust.
Ecological capital: Natural resources like green spaces, clean water.
Human capital: Skills and knowledge of individuals contributing to well-being.
Economic capital: Financial resources enabling health-related investments.
Building capacity to address issues independently, reducing dependency on external resources.
Community Analysis is the comprehensive assessment of data to understand health needs and assets.
Types of data include:
- Demographic data: Population size, age, ethnic diversity, socioeconomic status.
- Health indicators: Disease prevalence, mortality, healthcare use.
- Community surveys & focus groups: Gather perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge.
Participatory approaches (e.g., photo voice, community mapping) directly involve members.
What is the primary goal of problem analysis in public health?
To gather and analyze intelligence to answer specific questions, helping to structure the understanding of a problem and its context.
Public health intelligence involves gathering information from sources like research studies, expert consultations, ____, practitioner insights, and literature reviews.
Community engagement.
A team conducts interviews with community members, reviews data from prior studies, and consults with experts about a local health issue. What process are they engaging in?
Public health intelligence gathering.
Why is defining the problem clearly and concisely crucial in problem analysis?
It lays the foundation for subsequent steps, ensuring clarity and focus.
Engaging with stakeholders, such as ____, practitioners, and community leaders, is a vital step in problem analysis.
Experts in the field
A public health team maps local healthcare services and identifies gaps in obesity prevention programs. Which step in problem analysis does this reflect?
Mapping the distribution of services and resources.
What role does community engagement play in problem analysis?
It fosters relationships, builds trust, and provides direct insights from affected populations.
Conducting a community assessment helps understand health needs, social determinants, and ____ factors.
Contextual.
A survey finds that residents express a strong desire for more fitness facilities in their neighborhood. What type of need does this reflect?
Felt needs.
Match the following to their definitions:
Felt needs
Expressed needs
Comparative needs
Normative needs.
Desires and wants expressed by the community.
Desire for specific services or interventions.
Comparing services across communities to identify disparities.
Determined by experts based on knowledge and judgment.
Felt needs: Desires and wants expressed by the community.
Expressed needs: Desire for specific services or interventions.
Comparative needs: Comparing services across communities to identify disparities.
Normative needs: Determined by experts based on knowledge and judgment.
How does SWOT analysis help in problem analysis?
By identifying an organization’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to provide a strategic overview.
Internal factors like resources and expertise fall under ____ and ____, while external factors like political climate and community support fall under ____ and ____.
Strengths; weaknesses; opportunities; threats.
A public health team identifies strong government support for an anti-obesity initiative but notes limited financial resources. How is this insight categorized in SWOT analysis?
Government support as an opportunity and limited finances as a weakness.
Why is community support crucial when addressing public health issues?
It ensures relevance, increases trust, and boosts the likelihood of intervention success.
Problem analysis questions focus on identifying the issue, who it affects, ____ effects, and consequences of inaction.
Attributable.
A report highlights that 72% of community members are concerned about rising obesity rates. What type of insight does this represent?
Community support.
What are some consequences of inaction in problem analysis?
Increased disease burden, higher healthcare costs, and reduced workforce productivity.
Community engagement builds ____, ensures affected perspectives are considered, and enhances intervention sustainability.
Trust.
A project trains local leaders to actively participate in addressing their community’s health issues. What concept does this reflect?
Capacity building.
How does problem analysis integrate with the intervention cycle?
It informs all stages, including intervention design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation.
Comprehensive problem analysis leads to more targeted and ____ interventions that address the root causes of health issues.
Effective.
A public health team includes statistics, testimonials, and clear problem descriptions in their intervention proposal. What principle of applying analysis results is reflected?
Clear and compelling problem descriptions emphasising consequences of inaction.
Problem analysis begins with defining the problem ____ and ____, creating the foundation for subsequent steps.
Clearly; concisely.
A public health team maps local healthcare services and identifies gaps in obesity prevention programs. Which step in problem analysis does this reflect?
Mapping the distribution of services and resources.
Why is community engagement essential in problem analysis?
It fosters trust, ensures relevance, and provides direct insights from affected populations.
A literature review highlights previous interventions for diabetes prevention and their effectiveness. What role does this play in problem analysis?
Understanding existing evidence and guiding evidence-based decision-making.
What are the four types of needs identified in problem analysis?
Felt needs, expressed needs, comparative needs, and normative needs.
Why is it important to highlight the consequences of inaction in problem analysis?
To emphasize urgency and demonstrate the potential negative impacts of failing to address the problem.
Community engagement builds ____, ensures affected perspectives are considered, and enhances intervention ____.
Trust; sustainability.
What are some consequences of inaction in problem analysis?
Increased disease burden, higher healthcare costs, and reduced workforce productivity.
Comprehensive problem analysis ensures interventions address ____ causes rather than just symptoms.
Root.
After identifying gaps in healthcare services, a proposal includes plans for mobile clinics and education campaigns. How does this reflect applied problem analysis?
By using intelligence and analysis results to inform targeted intervention planning.
What role does capacity building play in problem analysis?
Empowering communities to address their own health issues and enhancing intervention sustainability.
Problem analysis integrates with the intervention cycle, guiding ____, ____, and evaluation phases.
Design; implementation.
A public health team uses mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative) to evaluate a problem. Why is this approach effective?
It ensures a well-rounded understanding and increases the validity of findings.
What challenges might arise during problem analysis, and how can they be addressed?
Challenges: Limited data, conflicting stakeholder priorities, and community resistance.
Solutions: Engage stakeholders, use participatory methods, and employ transparent communication.
A team examines how housing, education, and income influence diabetes rates. What aspect of problem analysis does this reflect?
Understanding social determinants of health.
Problem analysis ensures interventions are ____, ____, and rooted in evidence.
Targeted; effective.
What is the primary purpose of stakeholder analysis?
To identify and involve individuals, groups, or organizations with an interest in a project or policy, understand their dynamics, potential resistance, and support.
Engaging stakeholders can lead to __________ interventions, help form __________, and manage __________.
better; coalitions; conflicts
You are managing a public health project that aims to implement new nutrition policies. What steps would you take to conduct a stakeholder analysis?
Identify stakeholders (affected parties, potential resistors, drivers of change, supporters)
Collect data on their interests and influence
Categorize them by level of involvement
Create a stakeholder engagement plan.
Why is involving stakeholders important in project interventions?
It enhances success, builds alliances, strengthens relationships, and ensures comprehensive engagement.
Stakeholder analysis is to project success as __________ is to a healthy ecosystem.
biodiversity (just as biodiversity ensures a healthy, balanced ecosystem, stakeholder analysis ensures all perspectives and contributions are accounted for).
A government policy aims to improve housing for low-income families. How might stakeholder engagement ensure its success?
By involving the commercial sector, policy makers, housing experts, and local communities in planning and decision-making to address all relevant needs and perspectives.
What are the key elements to consider when conducting stakeholder analysis?
Cultural factors, inclusivity, diversity in analysis teams, and balancing different stakeholder interests.
A stakeholder analysis worksheet typically includes identifying affected parties, __________ of change, vested __________, and __________ roles.
drivers; interests; government
What are the benefits of categorizing stakeholders by level of involvement?
It helps prioritize efforts, tailor engagement strategies, and allocate resources effectively to maximize impact.
What is the role of governance structures in stakeholder engagement?
To establish decision-making processes that include stakeholder input, ensure accountability, and promote coordinated efforts.
Involving stakeholders in committees helps ensure __________, access to __________, and effective __________ assessment.
coordination; expertise; progress
You notice resistance from a community group during a project rollout. What steps would you take to address this resistance?
Identify their concerns, engage in dialogue, offer transparent communication, involve them in the decision-making process, and find common ground to address their interests.
Engaging stakeholders in decision-making is like passing the ball in a team sport.
It ensures everyone is involved and working toward a common goal.
What is one example of stakeholder engagement in practice?
Involving the commercial sector, policy makers, and subject-matter experts in addressing public health challenges.
Effective stakeholder engagement can help __________ relationships and manage __________ interests for successful project outcomes.
strengthen; competing
During an urban planning project, local businesses express concerns about potential disruptions. How can stakeholder engagement help address these issues?
By involving the businesses in planning discussions, addressing their concerns through compromise or mitigation strategies, and keeping them informed of timelines and impacts.
What are the core benefits of engaging diverse stakeholder groups?
Ensures inclusivity, brings diverse perspectives, promotes innovation, and enhances the likelihood of project acceptance.
Stakeholder analysis ensures that those who are __________ by a project and those who can __________ change are considered in planning.
affected; drive
Ignoring stakeholders in a project is like leaving out key pieces in a puzzle.
without them, the full picture or solution cannot be achieved
What tool is useful for organizing stakeholder information?
A stakeholder analysis worksheet, which categorizes stakeholders by their level of involvement, interest, and influence.
What is logic modelling in PHN?
A visual representation that maps relationships between resources, strategies, outputs, outcomes, and impacts in an intervention.
What is the purpose of logic modelling in PHN?
Enhance intervention effectiveness
Align strategies with objectives
Engage stakeholders
Support evaluation planning
Logic models help communicate intervention __________, assumptions, and __________ pathways.
strategies, causal
What are the five key elements of a logic model?
- Situation: Problem and baseline data.
- Inputs: Resources (e.g., funding, partnerships).
- Outputs: Activities and immediate results.
- Outcomes: Short-, medium-, and long-term impacts.
- External Influences: Environmental, social, or political factors.
You’re planning a nutrition program in schools. How does a logic model help?
It clarifies resources (inputs), actions (outputs), outcomes (e.g., better diets), and long-term impacts (e.g., reduced obesity).
What are the main types of logic models?
Vertical, horizontal, circular, or multi-level cascades, with adaptations for cultural and contextual needs.
What are the four stages of the logic modelling process?
- Preparation: Stakeholder engagement, timeline setting, and resource assessment.
- Intelligence Gathering: Data collection on problems and strategies.
- Creation: Designing the layout and flow.
- Review: Stakeholder feedback and finalization.
Logic models improve __________ among stakeholders and support __________-based planning.
communication; evidence
What are the key benefits of logic modelling in PHN?
Improved communication, accountability, alignment with goals, and evidence-based decision-making.
What challenges are associated with logic modelling?
Balancing simplicity with comprehensiveness.
Designing models for complex interventions.
Adapting to changing contexts and stakeholder needs.
A fund allocator asks how resources will be used in your intervention. How does a logic model help?
It justifies budget allocation by showing how resources drive strategies and achieve outcomes.
Logic models engage stakeholders by visualizing __________ and improving __________ alignment.
intervention components; strategic
How do logic models enhance evaluation?
By linking intervention planning with evaluation indicators and monitoring outcomes.
What future advancements could improve logic modelling in PHN?
Integration of emerging technologies and data analytics.
Interactive and adaptable models for evolving contexts.
What is the purpose of implementation planning in PHN?
To translate strategies into actionable plans with specific tasks, timelines, and resources for effective execution.
Implementation planning defines the “_____, _____, _____, and _____” of strategy execution.
how, who, when, and with what
What are work package plans?
Detailed plans outlining tasks, responsibilities, timelines, and milestones for specific strategies, ensuring clarity and transparency.
How do Gantt charts assist in implementation planning?
They visually represent task sequences, timelines, and interdependencies, helping monitor progress and allocate resources efficiently.
You’re managing a school-based nutrition intervention. What tools can you use to manage implementation effectively?
Gantt charts for timelines, work packages for task details, and milestone tracking to monitor progress.
What is the purpose of evaluation planning in PHN?
To assess intervention progress, outcomes, and effectiveness, ensuring alignment with objectives and evidence-based practice.
What are the four types of evaluation in PHN?
- Formative Evaluation: Pre-intervention design input.
- Process Evaluation: Tracks intervention delivery.
- Impact Evaluation: Assesses short-term changes.
- Outcome Evaluation: Examines long-term effects.
Evaluation indicators measure intervention success, such as increased ________, reduced ________, or improved ________.
whole grain consumption, sugary drink intake, nutritional knowledge
What are some examples of evaluation methods in PHN?
Surveys, dietary assessments, health measurements, and focus groups.
What is the role of stakeholder engagement in implementation and evaluation?
Ensures alignment, fosters commitment, and enhances resource-sharing and decision-making for successful interventions.
You encounter low community participation during your intervention. How might stakeholder engagement help?
Involve stakeholders in decision-making, communicate goals clearly, and tailor approaches to address their concerns.
What is the importance of risk management in PHN implementation?
Identifies, analyzes, and mitigates potential risks, ensuring smooth execution and minimizing disruptions.
What are the five steps of risk management?
- Identify risks.
- Analyze probability and impact.
- Evaluate mitigation strategies.
- Implement risk responses.
- Document and report actions.
Management committees oversee _______, monitor _______, and ensure alignment with _______.
activities; progress; intervention goals
What is the role of governance in implementation planning?
Defines roles, decision-making processes, and accountability, ensuring intervention quality and addressing risks effectively.
A PHN intervention uses phased implementation. What are the benefits?
Allows gradual rollout, ensures proper resource allocation, and provides opportunities to refine strategies.
How do partnerships enhance implementation and evaluation in PHN?
They leverage shared resources, expertise, and collaborative support to strengthen interventions and outcomes.
Formative evaluation helps design interventions by gathering data about the ________ and ________ of the target population.
needs; preferences
What is the role of milestones in managing implementation?
They signify major achievements, monitor progress, and ensure structured completion of tasks.
What tools help assess partnerships in PHN?
Partnership analysis tools, which evaluate purpose, relationships, and effectiveness.
What are the two stages of the PHN bi-cycle framework?
- Intelligence Gathering (Steps 1-8): Identifying and prioritizing population nutrition problems and their determinants.
- Solution Generation: Action statements guide intervention planning.
What is the role of intervention planning in PHN?
Organises action towards desired results.
Reduces uncertainty, directs resources, and coordinates efforts for maximum impact.
Ensures intervention effectiveness and efficiency through thorough planning.
Intervention planning involves a ________ process that guides development, ________, and evaluation of interventions.
detailed blueprint; implementation
What are the differences between usual and ideal intervention planning practices?
Usual Practice: Allocates leftover time after routine work for planning.
Ideal Practice: Prioritizes planning, allocating sufficient resources for comprehensive intervention planning.
What are action statements in PHN?
Define goals and objectives of interventions, indicating intended outcomes and impacts.
Derived from problem and determinant analysis, guiding intervention planning and development.
Reflect desired changes based on determinant analysis projections.
What are the key components of an intervention plan?
- Clear aims and methods.
- Timeline and budget details.
- Task responsibilities.
- Evaluation strategies.
- Framework for reporting and disseminating findings.
Action statements align with the population ________, reflecting desired ________ based on determinant analysis.
nutrition problem; changes
What are intervention goals in PHN?
Positive statements describing a state without the problem, providing direction and focus.
Balance health-oriented goals with practical considerations and political realities.
Developed collaboratively through community and target group engagement.
What are the characteristics of effective intervention goals?
Clear, concise, actionable.
Involve collaborative consensus-building with the community.
Provide focus for planning and implementation.
How do intervention objectives differ from goals?
Objectives are more specific, tangible, and precise.
They articulate the required changes to achieve goals.
Guide intervention actions and evaluations.
Objectives are guided by ________, informed by ________ and capacity analysis.
determinants of nutrition-related problems; intelligence
What is the SMART criteria for objectives?
Specific.
Measurable.
Achievable.
Relevant.
Time-bound.
Ensures clarity, measurability, and suitability for evaluation.
What are the two timeframes for objectives in PHN interventions?
- Short-term Objectives: Address intermediate results within months to 2 years.
- Long-term Objectives: Focus on outcomes needed to achieve the overarching goal within 2-5 years.
What are outcome objectives in PHN?
Reflect changes needed to achieve intervention goals (educational, behavioural, policy).
Serve as benchmarks to measure intervention success and effectiveness.
You are designing a PHN intervention to reduce childhood obesity. How would you use objectives?
Define SMART objectives targeting changes in behavior, knowledge, and policies to measure success and guide actions.
What are examples of objectives at different levels in PHN?
Individual: Changes in knowledge or behaviour.
Network: Influencing social networks.
Organisational: Policy shifts within organisations.
Societal: Changes in societal norms and values.
Objectives can target ________, ________, organizations, and ________ values and norms.
opinion leaders; social networks; societal
Why is determinant analysis crucial for action statements?
It informs the foundation of goals and objectives by identifying factors influencing nutrition problems, ensuring alignment with desired changes.
How do intervention plans reduce uncertainty?
By providing a structured framework for resource allocation, task coordination, and evaluation strategies, ensuring maximum impact.
In a PHN intervention targeting school lunches, what would a short-term objective look like?
Increase the availability of healthy lunch options in participating schools within 1 year.
