Nutrition in health and disease

Question 1

Define diet, food and nutrients

Answer 1

subtotal of al foods ingested
the individual items ingested
chemically defined components required by the body

Question 2

What is the nutrient requirement?

Answer 2

Amount required to sustain life and prevent deficiencies

Question 3

What are some fixed components of demand of nutrition?

Answer 3

basal requirement –> membrane function eg pumps, transport and signalling
mechanical work eg tissue and cell level
substrate turnover

Question 4

What are some variable components of demand of nutrients?

Answer 4

physical activity, growth, sustain body temperature and processing diet

Question 5

What is nutritional failure?

Answer 5

Failure to meet the nutritional requirements of the individual which leads to deficiencies and weight loss/obesity

Question 6

Some signs of underweight malnutrition and overweight malnutrition?

Answer 6

kwashiorkor and marasmus

obesity

Question 7

Define malnutrition

Answer 7

deficiency of energy, protein and nutrients which has an effect on the body

Question 8

How is BMI calculated?

Answer 8

weight in Kg divided by height squared in metres

Question 9

What BMI is overweight, obese, underweight, physical impairment underweight and severely underweight?

Answer 9

> 25, >30

<20, <18, <16

Question 10

What metabolic syndromes are linked to obesity?

Answer 10

NASH, fatty liver, cirrhosis

CV problems, hypertension, type 2 diabetes

Question 11

What cancers are linked to obesity?

Answer 11

breast and bowel

Question 12

What does the malnutrition universal screening test pick up?

Answer 12

patients AT RISK of malnutrition

Question 13

How is the MUST score calculated?

Answer 13

step 1: BMI <20 = 1 point, <18 = 2 points
step 2: unintentional weight loss in the last 3-6 months
-10% = 2 points, -5% = 1 point
step 3: eaten in the last 5 days? no = 2 points

Question 14

What are the different treatment options for each MUST score?

Answer 14

>2 = risk, dietitian referral 
1 = nutrient supplements and observe 
0 = watch

Question 15

What are some clinical consequences of malnutrition?

Answer 15

impaired immune response, recovery from illness, prognosis from illness, wound healing, psycho-social function and reduced muscle strength

Question 16

What are the 3 main reasons for malnutrition and give some examples

Answer 16

apetite failure - anorexia nervosa and disease
Access failure - stroke, head and neck cancer, teeth
intestinal failure - reduced absorption and digestion

Question 17

What is percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy?

Answer 17

feeding by direct access to the stomach which bypasses chewing and swallowing