Anatomy overview of Alimentary system 2 Flashcards by Jade Kiersten

Name the 9 areas of the abdomen

Right and left hypochondrium
Left and right iliac fossa
Left and right lumbar
epigastrium, periumbilical and hypogastrium

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List some of the clinical diagnoses if there is pain in the foregut

Peptic ulcer/gastric disease
biliary/pancreatic disease
Hepatic disease

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List some of the clinical diagnoses if there is pain in the midgut

Appendicitis
Small bowel obstruction
Proximal colon cancer

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List some of the clinical diagnoses if there is pain in the hindgut

Large bowel obstruction
colon carcinoma
Diverticular disease

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Is pain from the visceral or parietal peritoneum able to be referred elsewhere?

Visceral

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Briefly describe the oesophagus

25cm long muscular tube with 3 constrictions

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Why are the oesophageal constrictions important? (especially to surgeons)

When passing instruments from oesophagus to stomach

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Name the 3 oesophageal constrictions

cervical, thoracic and diaphragmatic

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Name the 4 parts of the stomach

Cardia, fundus, body and pyloric part

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What is the fundus usually filled with?

Gas

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What is the pyloric part of he stomach?

The opening from the stomach to the duodenum

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What are the 2 curvatures of the stomach?

Greater and lesser

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What does the pyloric sphincter control?

Discharge from the stomach to the duodenum of the stomach contents

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List a few structures the stomach bed is anterior to

Pancreas, left kidney, spleen, diaphragm, transverse mesocolon and colon

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What are the folds inside the stomach called?

Gastric rugae

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How do you tell the cardiac end and pyloric end apart in the stomach?

The pyloric end has a sphincter (thick muscular)

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What is congenital pyloric stenosis?

Thickening of the pylorus smooth muscle

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What is the falciform ligament a remnant of?

Ventral mesogastrium

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What does the falciform ligament do?

Attach the liver to the ventral wall

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What is the round ligament of the liver a remnant of?

Left umbilical vein

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What does the round ligament of the liver do?

split the left lobe of the liver into 2

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What does the plane separating the liver into left and right lobe pass through?

IVC (which does NOT pass through the liver - makes a groove only)

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What are the 3 parts of the portal traid?

hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein and bile duct

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Where is the caudate lobe found?

Postero-superior surface on right lobe of liver

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What ribs does the liver lie deep to?

7-11 on the right

What do biliary ducts do?

Carry bile made in the liver to the gallbladder

What 2 things does the gallbladder do bile?

store and concentrate it

What volume of bile can the gallbladder store?

50ml

What does the cystic artery lie in? what is this?

triangle of calot | cystic duct, common hepatic duct, visceral surface of the liver

What is biliary colic?

Pain due to gallstone obstructing bile duct

What are the 4 F's of biliary colic?

fatty, fertile, female, forty

What is the pancreas responsible for in relation to the digestive system? What are the "2 types" of the pancreas?

Accessory digestive gland | Exocrine and endocrine

Explain what the exocrine and endocrine pancreas does

Exocrine secretes pancreatic juice | Endocrine secretes glucagon and insulin

Where is the pancreas found?

``` Retroperitoneal Posterior abdominal wall Transpyloric plane (L1/2) ```

What are the 4 parts of the pancreas?

Head, neck, body, tail

What vein is found behind the neck of the pancreas?

Portal vein

What is the spleen and where is found?

Mobile haemolymphoid organ | left hypochondrium

What part of the spleen IS NOT covered in peritoneum?

hilum

What ribs is the spleen related to?

9-11

What is spenomegaly and give a few examples of what can cause it

Enlargement of the spleen | anaemia, typhoid fever etc

What are the 3 arteries off the celiac trunk?

Splenic hepatic artery | Left gastric artery

What is the origin of the celiac trunk?

T12

What does the 2nd part of the duodenum receive?

Bile and pancreatic duct

What part of the duodenum is most likely to get ulcers?

1st part

Briefly describe the duodenum in comparison to the rest of the small intestine

shortest, widest and most fixed part of the small intestine

Briefly describe the jejunum in comparison to the ileum

Darker red, thicker with more vasculation and few large loops. Also less fatty.

What is the origin of the superior mesenteric artery?

What is the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery?

What is the terminal branch of the inferior mesenteric artery?

Superior rectal artery

Name 3 ways in which the large intestine is different to the small intestine

Omental fatty appendices Sacculation Teniae coli (3) - thickened smooth muscle

What is the appendix?

Blind intestinal diverticulum with masses of lymphatic tissue

What is the position of the appendix?

Retrocecal

What is the macburneys point and where is it?

Site of maximum tenderness in acute appendicitis | Between anterior superior iliac spine and umbilicus

Where is the rectosigmoid junction?

Anterior to S3 vertebrate

Are there internal, external or both sphincters in the rectum?

both

Where is a common site for cancer in the anal canal?

columns of morgagni

List some things you can feel in a rectal examination

prostate and seminal glands cervix Sacrum Iliac lymph nodes

Is the innervation of the gut somatic or autonomic?

Autonomic

What parasympathetic nerves innervate the gut?

Vagus and pelvic splanchnic

What sympathetic nerves innervate the gut?

``` Abdominopelvic nerves (greater, lesser and least) Prevertabral sympathetic ganglia and abdominal aortic plexus ```

What does the portal vein carry?

poorly oxygenated blood from abdominal GI tract to the liver (including spleen, pancreas and gallbladder)

What is the portal vein made by?

Junction of splenic and superior mesenteric vein

What are portocaval shunts?

Venous enlargements during portal obstruction

Name the 3 sites of port-systemic anastamoses

Anorectal, gastroesophageal junction and around umbilicus

How do port-systemic anastamoses present at the 3 sites

haemorrhoids/piles, esophageal varices and caput medusae

What duct does the abdomen drain into?

Thoracic duct

What do the lymphatic vessels run alongside?

Corresponding arteries

Where do the lymphatic nodules form groups?

around major arteries and abdominal aorta

What are the 3 groups of lumbar nodes?

Preaortic, lateral aortic and retroaortic

What are the 3 subgroups of the preaortic lumbar nodes?

celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric

What is the link between the 3 lumbar nodes and the organs they drain

Drain the organs supplied by the corresponding aortic branch location

What can spread via the lymphatics?

Cancer