Nutrition for Cancer

Question 1

1/3 of cancers in higher-income countries due to

Answer 1

poor nutrition
sedentary lifestyle
excess weight

Question 2

what are the most common female cancers?

Answer 2

breast
lung
colorectal

Question 3

what are the most common male cancers?

Answer 3

prostate
lung
colorectal

Question 4

what diet increases the risk of cancer?

Answer 4

alcohol
processed meat
red meat
grilling meat
saturated fat

Question 5

what diet decreases the risk of cancer?

Answer 5

plant-based diet
omega 3s
vitamin D
coffee 
tea

Question 6

cancer protective phytochemicals

Answer 6

lycopene
anthrocyanins
alpha and beta carotene
beta cryptoxanthin
leutin, seaxanthin
sulforaphanes, indoles
allyl sulphides

Question 7

lycopene

Answer 7

tomatoes
pink grapefruit
watermelon

Question 8

antocyanins

Answer 8

berries
grapes
red wine
plums

Question 9

alpha and beta carotene

Answer 9

carrots
mangos
pumpkin
sweet potato

Question 10

beta cryptoxanthin

Answer 10

cantaloupe
peaches
oranges
papaya
nectarines

Question 11

lutein, zeaxanthin

Answer 11

spinach
avocado
honeydew
turnip greens

Question 12

sulforaphanes, indoles

Answer 12

cabbage
broccoli
brussel sprouts
cauliflower

Question 13

allyl sulphides

Answer 13

onion
garlic
chives
leeks

Question 14

underweight/malnourished people tend to present with what cancers?

Answer 14

head/neck
esophageal
gastric
pancreatic
lung

Question 15

overweight/obesis people tend to present with what cancers?

Answer 15

breast
prostate
colon
all others

Question 16

warburg effect

Answer 16

decrease in Kreb’s cycle and ETS (allows tumors to grwo in conditions irrespective of oxygen concentration
increase in glycolysis (lactate production produces the acidic environment favorin invasion

Question 17

the warburg effect increases what?

Answer 17

glutamine usage

lipid synthesis

Question 18

warburn effect is regulated by?

Answer 18

tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes

Question 19

describe calorie restriction and cancer

Answer 19

decrease caloric intake by at least 30%
could be chronic or intermittent fasting
CR has been shown to decrease tumor initiation, promotion and progression

Question 20

describ ketogenic diet and cancer

Answer 20

glucose deprivation increases oxidative stress in cancer cells
prevents pentose phosphate pathway from quenching ROS
less risks in adults following this diet

Question 21

those on a ketogenic diet often have deficiencies in what?

Answer 21

selenium
copper
zinc

Question 22

cancer cachexia diagnosis?

Answer 22

weight loss >10%
caloric intake <1500 Cal/d
CRP >10 mg/L

Question 23

nutrition for cancer cachexia

Answer 23

high fat, high protein diet
nutritional support when warranted
early interventions using nutritional beverages
adequate phytochemicals

Question 24

for maintenance of body weight and lean tissue, how do you calculate protein and energy intake for those with cancer?

Answer 24

1-1.5 g/kg body weight

25-30 kcal/kg body weight daily

Question 25

for weight regain and repletion of muscle tissue, how do you calculate protein and energy intake for cancer patients?

Answer 25

1.5-2.0g/kg body weight daily | 30-35kcal/kg body weight daily

Question 26

general rule for fluid recommendations

Answer 26

20-40mL/kg or 1mL/kcal consumed 8oz=250mL

Question 27

how should those with cancer get their vitamins and minerals

Answer 27

get from diet supplements considered only if deficiency is biochemically or clinically demonstrated only considered if intake is consistently <67% RDA check with oncologist first

Question 28

how to manage anorexia/poor appetite

Answer 28

small, frequent nutrient dense meals and snacks add protein and calories to favorite foods keep nutrient dense foods nearby at all times eat most when feeling best eat in plesant atmosphere

Question 29

how to manage nausea and vomiting

Answer 29

eat small, low fat meal in morning of first treatment clear liquid diet (room temp) for a few days after therapy begins avoid high fat, spicy or overly sweet food and foods with strong odors eat bland, soft, easy to digest foods

Question 30

how to manage diarrhea

Answer 30

drink small amounts of electrolyte-containing fluid throughout the day avoid fruit juices avoid sugar alcohol containing foods decrease high fiber foods CRAM (cereal, rice, applesauce, milk) probiotic (lactobacilli, bifidobacterium) glutamine supplements

Question 31

how to manage constipation

Answer 31

increase high fiber foods (nuts, legumes, fresh or cooked fruits and veggies, especially those with skins and seeds drink at least 64 oz fluid daily probiotics increase physical activity

Question 32

how to manage sore throat, esophagitis

Answer 32

eat soft, moist foods with extra sauces avoid dry, coarse foods avoid alcohol, citrus, caffeine tomatoes, vinegar and hot peppers

Question 33

mucositis

Answer 33

inflammation of epithelia cells lining the GI tract main cause of chemo-induced pain found in 40-70% of chemo patients

Question 34

what are the mouth changes in most cancer patients?

Answer 34

change in tongue, lip or gum color, change in salivation, cracks, ulcers or lesions

Question 35

how to manage mucositis

Answer 35

maintain good oral hygeine to prevent infection meet minimum protein requirements eat only soft, non-fibrous, non-acidic foods avoid alcohol, citrus, caffeine, tomatoes, vinegar, hot peppers eat room temp or chilled foods and fluid honey-swish and swallow DGL or glutamin supplements

Question 36

how do manage fatigue

Answer 36

small, frequent meals and snacks easy to prepare or easy to eat foods keep nutrient dense foods nearby at all times eat most when feeling best

Question 37

food safety in patients with neutropenia

Answer 37

avoid eating foods with unsafe levels of microorganisms (raw meat, unpasteurized foods, raw honey) wash hands before eating wash fruits and beggies focus on those that can be peeled keep foods at proper temperature during cooking and storage

Question 38

what do you do with altered taste or smell

Answer 38

good oral hygeine try marinades or spices use plastic utensils eat cooler foods

Question 39

what do you do with thicened saliva?

Answer 39

sip on liquids throughout the day try club soda, seltzer water or papaya nectar mucinex use a cool mist humidifier while sleeping

Question 40

how to manage xerostomia

Answer 40

sip on liquids throughout the day (every 10 minutes) try tart foods to stimulate saliva, if sores not present eat soft, moist foods and use extra sauces avoid alcohol and alcohol containing antacid good oral hygeine artificial saliva or mouth moistureizers use a cool mist humidifier at night acupuncture

Question 41

long term effects of surgical cancer treastment

Answer 41

``` lack of skin sensitivity body image issues sexual dysfunction numbness pain limited ROM weakness neuropathy ```

Question 42

long term effcts of radiation to breast/chest region

Answer 42

``` fatigue skin sensitivity/pain sexual dysfunction pain asymmetrical breast volume lymphedema skin discoloration CVD lung fibrosis causing shortness of breath second primary cancer ```

Question 43

long terms effects of chemotherapy

Answer 43

``` cogntive impairment fatigue infertility sexual dysfunction weight gain neuropathy oral health issues hair loss osteoporosis/osteopenia CVD leukemia ```

Question 44

general psychosocial effects of cancer

Answer 44

``` depression distress worry/anxiety fear of recurrence fear of pain end of life concerns loss of sexual function and/or desire challenges with self image relationship and other social role difficulties return to work concerns or financial challenges ```

Question 45

increases breast cancer

Answer 45

``` excess weight smoking age history of BC mutations of BRCA 1 and @ genes dense breast tissue years of estrogen exposure alcohol consumption ```

Question 46

decreases breast cancer

Answer 46

``` first pregnancy before 35 breastfeeding mastectomy ovarian ablation exercise plant based diet with marine sources of omega 3s ```

Question 47

increases prostate cancer

Answer 47

``` age genetics smoking excessive weight sedentary lifestyle adult height red meat high fat diet dairy ```

Question 48

decrease prostate cancer?

Answer 48

plants (lycopene and sulforaphane)

Question 49

increase colorectal cancer

Answer 49

``` age family history personal history of colorectal or ovarian cancer history of IBD alcohol smoking African American ecessive weight processed or red meats ```

Question 50

decrease colorectal cancer

Answer 50

plants fish or omega 3s dairy vitamin D

Question 51

increase lung cancer

Answer 51

smoking secondhand smoke radiation beta-carotene supplements in smokers

Question 52

decrease lung cancer

Answer 52

plants | high intensity exercise