Epigenetics Flashcards
general facts about epigenetis
plays an important role in early environment
may predispose someone to future diseases
involved in cancer, metaboli syndrome, CVD and autoimmune disease
in utero diet reshapes the genome
epigenetics are controlled by
methylation of DNA
tissue-specific chromatin alternation
nucleosome positioning of DNA
non-coding RNA, including miRNA
dutch hunger winter effects made those who were in gestation during that time are more prone to..?
more obesity dyslipidemia early onset CAD higher BP hypomethylation at IGF2 gene
maternal under or overnutrition programs makes infant predisposed to..?
heart disease stroke diabetes obesity hypertension
prenatal stress increases the risk of..?
preterm birth reduced birth weight adult obesity ADHD type 1 diabetes schizophrenia autism
stress epigenetics are transgenerational, what does this mean?
they are passed down for at least 2 generations before they fade
maternal anxiety, stress, diet, increased methylation of 11beta-HSD2 leads to what?
increased fetal cortisol
what does mother do that causes baby to have higher cortisol?
calorie restriction low protein high fat high sugar low magnesium low choline low folate
things that cause unhealthy epigenetic alterations?
excess oxidation and free radicals tobacco excess alcohol physiological stress shiftwork chronic inflammation
things that cause healhty epigenetic alterations?
polyunsaturated fats
fruits and veggies
folate and vitamin b12
selenium
if a pregnant woman is having heartburn, what shoud you recommend?
eat smaller meals, limit caffeine and carbonated beverages
stay upright for >3hours after eating
if a pregnant woman is nauseous or vomiting, what should you recommend?
small, frequent carb-containing meals
possibly ginger
smelling lemons may block noxious odors
hypertension increases the risk of what?
increases risk of preeclampsia
modified DASH diet
possibly Ca and Mg suppleents
how can you help a pregnant woman with legs cramps and edema?
increase fluid intake
stretch with toes pointed toward body
possibly Mg supplements
if a woman is craving ice chips, what does that mean?
iron deficiency
should a woman restric a food if they’re not allergic?
no
what should you avoid during pregnancy to not get listeria?
avoid unpasteurized products (including soft cheeses)
do no eat salads from store
reheat meat to steam (avoid deli meat))
what kind of meat should you avoid during pregnancy?
shark, swordfish, tilefish and king mackerel
albacore limited to 6oz a day
what supplements should pregnant women take?
folic acid
iron
copper
iodine
summary of nutrition care during pregnancy
- Include a variety of food, including nutrient dense choices
- Energy to allow appropriate weight gain
- Protein intake around 20% of energy
- DHA from fatty, low mercury fish, twice/week
- Micronutrient intake to meet RDA (folic acid and iron supplementation may be necessary)
- Sodium intake that is not excessive, but not <2300 mg/d
- Sufficient fluid to produce dilute urine
- Avoid alcohol
- Avoid toxins and nonnutritive substances in food, water & environment
dairy during pregnancy
all types of cow’s milk contain the same levels of protein, calcium and vitamin D
vegetarians during pregnancy
need good sources of protein, iron, calcium and B12
nutrients that normalized after delivery
zinc, thiamin, vitamin A, B6, B12
nutrients that are normalized 2-4 months postpartum
iron
