Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Nutrition > Epigenetics > Flashcards

Epigenetics Flashcards

1
Q

general facts about epigenetis

A

plays an important role in early environment
may predispose someone to future diseases
involved in cancer, metaboli syndrome, CVD and autoimmune disease
in utero diet reshapes the genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

epigenetics are controlled by

A

methylation of DNA
tissue-specific chromatin alternation
nucleosome positioning of DNA
non-coding RNA, including miRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

dutch hunger winter effects made those who were in gestation during that time are more prone to..?

A 
more obesity
dyslipidemia
early onset CAD
higher BP
hypomethylation at IGF2 gene
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

maternal under or overnutrition programs makes infant predisposed to..?

A 
heart disease
stroke
diabetes
obesity
hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

prenatal stress increases the risk of..?

A 
preterm birth
reduced birth weight
adult obesity
ADHD
type 1 diabetes
schizophrenia
autism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

stress epigenetics are transgenerational, what does this mean?

A

they are passed down for at least 2 generations before they fade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

maternal anxiety, stress, diet, increased methylation of 11beta-HSD2 leads to what?

A

increased fetal cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does mother do that causes baby to have higher cortisol?

A 
calorie restriction
low protein
high fat
high sugar
low magnesium
low choline
low folate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

things that cause unhealthy epigenetic alterations?

A 
excess oxidation and free radicals
tobacco
excess alcohol
physiological stress
shiftwork
chronic inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

things that cause healhty epigenetic alterations?

A

polyunsaturated fats
fruits and veggies
folate and vitamin b12
selenium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

if a pregnant woman is having heartburn, what shoud you recommend?

A

eat smaller meals, limit caffeine and carbonated beverages

stay upright for >3hours after eating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

if a pregnant woman is nauseous or vomiting, what should you recommend?

A

small, frequent carb-containing meals
possibly ginger
smelling lemons may block noxious odors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

hypertension increases the risk of what?

A

increases risk of preeclampsia
modified DASH diet
possibly Ca and Mg suppleents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how can you help a pregnant woman with legs cramps and edema?

A

increase fluid intake
stretch with toes pointed toward body
possibly Mg supplements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

if a woman is craving ice chips, what does that mean?

A

iron deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

should a woman restric a food if they’re not allergic?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what should you avoid during pregnancy to not get listeria?

A

avoid unpasteurized products (including soft cheeses)
do no eat salads from store
reheat meat to steam (avoid deli meat))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what kind of meat should you avoid during pregnancy?

A

shark, swordfish, tilefish and king mackerel

albacore limited to 6oz a day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what supplements should pregnant women take?

A

folic acid
iron
copper
iodine

20
Q

summary of nutrition care during pregnancy

A
  1. Include a variety of food, including nutrient dense choices
  2. Energy to allow appropriate weight gain
  3. Protein intake around 20% of energy
  4. DHA from fatty, low mercury fish, twice/week
  5. Micronutrient intake to meet RDA (folic acid and iron supplementation may be necessary)
  6. Sodium intake that is not excessive, but not <2300 mg/d
  7. Sufficient fluid to produce dilute urine
  8. Avoid alcohol
  9. Avoid toxins and nonnutritive substances in food, water & environment
21
Q

dairy during pregnancy

A

all types of cow’s milk contain the same levels of protein, calcium and vitamin D

22
Q

vegetarians during pregnancy

A

need good sources of protein, iron, calcium and B12

23
Q

nutrients that normalized after delivery

A

zinc, thiamin, vitamin A, B6, B12

24
Q

nutrients that are normalized 2-4 months postpartum

A

iron

25
Q

nutrients that are normalized >6months postpartum

A

folate

26
Q

do you have to eat the placenta to regain your iron?

A

no

27
Q

what is the recommended spacing between babies?

A

18-24 months

28
Q

what is the recommendations for breastfeeding?

A

breastfeed exclusively for first 6 months

breastfeed through first year and supplement with complementary foods

29
Q

what are the extra calorie requirements for breast feeding?

A

0-6months= +330 cal/d
>6months= +400 cal/d
this is if sedentary

30
Q

what are the protein requirements for breast feeding?

A

1.1 g/kg of current body weight

c sections might need more

31
Q

carb requirements for breast feeding

A

210g/day to prevent ketosis

fiber= 28g/day

32
Q

lipid requirements for breast feeding

A

non set
omega 6= 13 g/day
omega 3= 1.3 g/day

33
Q

vitamin D during breast feeding

A

limited amount in breastmilk

supplement infant with 400 IU drops from birth or supplement mother with >6000 IU/d

34
Q

iodine during breast feeding

A

may require supplementation of 150 mc/d as potassium iodide

35
Q

zinc during breast feeding

A

supplementation does not affect breast milk unless ditary intake is really low

36
Q

B12 during breast feeding

A

supplement infant if mother is vegan

37
Q

caffeine in breast feeding

A

small amounts are okay if breastfeeding a full-term infant

limit if a premie

38
Q

colostrum

A

0-5 days
rich in antibodies, fat-soluble vitamins, electrolytes
high protein (80:20 ratio of casein to whey)

39
Q

transition milk

A

5-14 days postpartum

protein drops in lactos and fat increase

40
Q

mature milk

A 
2 weeks+
55:45 ratio of casein to whey
40% of energy as lactose
fat level varies by maternal intake
vitamin content varies with stage of lactation and diet; mineral content is not influenced by diet
41
Q

what kind of antibody is secreted most in humans?

A

IgA

42
Q

foremilk

A

first milk secreted during feeding
high in water, carbs and water-soluble vitamins
low in fat
usually first 10-15 min of feeding

43
Q

hindmilk

A

high-fat milk secreted after foremilk
infant must nurse long enough of each breast to get hind milk- if not they get too many carbs (gas) and not enough fat (less satiety)

44
Q

milk production stimulants (foods)

A

oats, barley, beans, almonds

dark green leafy veggies, apricots, dates, figs

45
Q

milk production stimulants (herbals)

A

fenugreek, milk thistle
anise, caraway, dill, fennel
alfalfa, nettle, goats rue

46
Q

milk production stimulants (meds)

A

motilium

reglan

47
Q

productive diet for postpartum depression

A 
omega 3s
folate
riboflavin
B6
B12
D
calcium
iron
selenium

Clinical Nutrition (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions