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PathY5 > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What occurs when there is Vitamins A, D E or K deficiency?

A

A- Colour Blindness

D- Osteomalacia/
Rickets

E- Anaemia /neuropathy
?malignancy/IHD

K- Defective
clotting

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2
Q

What occurs when there is Vitamins A, D excess?

A

A- Exfoliation Hepatitis
D- Hyper-calcaemia

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3
Q

How do you test ADEK?

A

Serum
Serum
Serum
PTT

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4
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

ADEK

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5
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

B vitamins
Vit C

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6
Q

What is B1 Deficiency?

A

Beri-Beri
Neuropathy
Wernicke Syndrome

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7
Q

What is B2 Deficiency?

A

Glossitis

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8
Q

What is B6 Deficiency?

A

Dermatitis/ anaemia

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9
Q

What is B12 Deficiency?

A

Pernicious anaemia

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10
Q

What is B9 Deficiency?

A

Megaloblastic anaemia
Neural tube defect

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11
Q

What is B3 Deficiency?

A

Pellagra

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12
Q

What does Vit C deficiency cause?

A

Scurvy

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13
Q

What does Vit C excess cause?

A

Renal stones

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14
Q

What does B6 excess cause?

A

Neuropathy

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15
Q

How do you test for B1 levels?

A

RBC
transketolase

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16
Q

How do you test for B2 levels?

A

RBC
glutathione reductase

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17
Q

How do you test for B6 levels?

A

RBC AST activation

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18
Q

How do you test for B12 levels?

A

B12 serum

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19
Q

How do you test for B9 levels?

A

RBC folate

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20
Q

How do you test for Vit C?

A

Plasma levels

21
Q

What does Iron (1) excess and (2) deficiency cause?

A

1 Hypochromic anaemia
2 Haemochromatosis

FBC/ ferritin/ iron/ TIBC

22
Q

What does Copper (1) excess and (2) deficiency cause?

A

1 Anaemia
2 Wilson’s

Copper/ caeroplasmin

23
Q

What does Fluoride (1) excess and (2) deficiency cause?

A

1 Dental caries
2 Fluorosis

24
Q

What does iodine deficiency cause?

A

Goitre/ hypothyroid

25
Q

What does zinc deficiency cause?

A

Dermatitis

26
Q

How doe we spend energy?

A

Resting energy expenditure
Exercise
Thermogenesis
Facultative T

27
Q

Where do we get most of our dietary energy from?

A

In the west? Fat apparently

28
Q

How is energy regulated? (Draw out diagram)

A
29
Q

What is body composition?

A
  • Normal weight individual
  • 98% O2, C, H, Na, Ca
  • 60-70% H2O, 10-35% fat, 10-15% protein, 3-5% minerals
  • Variation body composition considerable, variation in LBM less
30
Q

What are the weight classes?

A

Weight

Body mass index

  • weight/height2
  • 25-30 kg/m2 overweight
  • >30 kg/m2 obese
  • >40 kg/m2 morbidly obese

waist hip ratio

31
Q

What are the problems associated with obesity?

A
32
Q

Is waist circumference a risk for CHD?

A

Yes

33
Q

Why do we need protein?

A
  • INTAKE 84gm men, 64gm women
  • Utility

–Indispensable (e.g. leucine)

–“conditionally” indispensable (e.g. Cysteine)

–Dispensable (e.g. alanine)

  • Protein synthesis/breakdown/oxidation
  • Assessment

–N excretion and balance

–Tracer techniques

34
Q

What are Lipids?

A
  • Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) include essential fatty acids (EFA)
  • Dietary fat determines LDL-C

saturated fat inc [chol]

PUFA dec [chol]

• incr. [HDL] associated reduced IHD risk

(women, alcohol, obesity)

35
Q

What does pancreatic lipase do?

A

Pancreatic lipase is usually secreted by the pancreas and transferred to the duodenum to participate in the hydrolysis and digestion of fat, cholesterol esters, and fat-soluble vitamins.

Maybe watch this bit for info

36
Q

Why are carbohydrates important?

A
  • 40-80% total energy intake
  • Polymerisation into sugars, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
  • 80 % complex 20 % simple
  • NSP - non-starch polysaccharides
37
Q

In which diseases are metabolites implicated?

A
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Obesity
  • Alcoholism
  • T2DM
  • Pregnancy
  • Most malignancy
  • Many GI conditions
38
Q

What may indicate metabolic syndrome?

A

Fasting glucose >6 mmol/l

HDL- Men <1.0, Women <1.3

HTN- BP>135/80

Waist circumference- Men>102, women > 88

Microalbumin/ insulin resistance

39
Q

What is the treatment of obesity?

A
  • Exclude endocrine cause
  • Exclude complications of obesity
  • Educate
  • Diet and exercise
  • Medical therapy (Orlistat, GLP-1 agonist)
  • Surgical therapy
40
Q

What happens if a 100kg loses 10kg?

A
  • Psychological benefit
  • PCOS
  • Oesophagitis
  • CHD
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Liver function
  • Pregnancy
  • Mortality 20% down
  • 0.9mmHg per kg down
  • HbA1c 1.5% down
  • Risk of DM 40% down
  • LDL 15% down
  • HDL 8% up
41
Q

What are the bariatric procedures?

A
42
Q

IS bariatric surgery good?

A
  • Resolution/improvement of T2DM
  • Resolution/improvement of hypertension
  • Improved lipid profile
  • Resulting in overall reduction in cardiac risk
  • Resolution of obstructive sleep apnoea
  • Resolution of PCOS and improved fertility
  • Reduced cancer related deaths
  • Regression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  • Reduced mortality
43
Q

What is marasmus?

A
  • Shrivelled
  • Growth retarded
  • Severe muscle wasting
  • No s/c fat
44
Q

What is Kwarshiorkor?

A
  • Oedematous
  • Scaling/ulcerated
  • Lethargic
  • Large liver, s/c fat
  • Protein deficient
45
Q

To predict risk of myocardial infarction and decide of possible benefit of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition (statin therapy), you would:

  1. Measurement of body mass index and waist circumference
  2. Measurement of serum leptin concentration
  3. Measurement of resting energy expenditure
  4. Measurement serum polyunsaturated fat concentration
  5. Measurement of total plasma cholesterol and/or low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration
  6. Oral ferrous sulphate
  7. Oral Folic acid
  8. Oral vitamin K
  9. Parenteral thiamine (Pabrinex)

0 Reducing saturated fat and increasing mono or polyunsaturated fat in diet

A

Watch lecture

46
Q

To assess the degree of obesity and resultant cardiovascular risk, you would:

  1. Measurement of body mass index and waist circumference
  2. Measurement of serum leptin concentration
  3. Measurement of resting energy expenditure
  4. Measurement serum polyunsaturated fat concentration
  5. Measurement of total plasma cholesterol and/or low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration
  6. Oral ferrous sulphate
  7. Oral Folic acid
  8. Oral vitamin K
  9. Parenteral thiamine (Pabrinex)

0 Reducing saturated fat and increasing mono or polyunsaturated fat in diet

A

watch lcture

47
Q

To reduce risk of Wernicke’s encephalopathy in alcoholic patient admitted to hospital

  1. Measurement of body mass index and waist circumference
  2. Measurement of serum leptin concentration
  3. Measurement of resting energy expenditure
  4. Measurement serum polyunsaturated fat concentration
  5. Measurement of total plasma cholesterol and/or low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration
  6. Oral ferrous sulphate
  7. Oral Folic acid
  8. Oral vitamin K
  9. Parenteral thiamine (Pabrinex)

0 Reducing saturated fat and increasing mono or polyunsaturated fat in diet

A

Watch lecture

48
Q

To advise a patient on a method of reducing plasma cholesterol:

  1. Measurement of body mass index and waist circumference
  2. Measurement of serum leptin concentration
  3. Measurement of resting energy expenditure
  4. Measurement serum polyunsaturated fat concentration
  5. Measurement of total plasma cholesterol and/or low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration
  6. Oral ferrous sulphate
  7. Oral Folic acid
  8. Oral vitamin K
  9. Parenteral thiamine (Pabrinex)

0 Reducing saturated fat and increasing mono or polyunsaturated fat in diet

A

Watch lecture

49
Q

To reduce risk of neural tube defect in woman seeking advice before pregnancy, with a previous pregnancy complicated by spina bifida in the infant.

  1. Measurement of body mass index and waist circumference
  2. Measurement of serum leptin concentration
  3. Measurement of resting energy expenditure
  4. Measurement serum polyunsaturated fat concentration
  5. Measurement of total plasma cholesterol and/or low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration
  6. Oral ferrous sulphate
  7. Oral Folic acid
  8. Oral vitamin K
  9. Parenteral thiamine (Pabrinex)

0 Reducing saturated fat and increasing mono or polyunsaturated fat in diet

A

Watch lecture

PathY5 (98 decks)

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