nov exam apartheid

Question 1

what was the defiance campaign about in simple terms

Answer 1

programme of civil disobedience were large groups of africans peacefully but deliberately broke the law

Question 2

how did the defiance campaign come about

Answer 2

launched by ANC in 1952 (led by Albert Luthuli-president of ANC)

Question 3

what was the aim of the defiance camapign

Answer 3

aimed to get arrested and flood country’s prison, drawing close attention to apartheid laws , forcing government to abolish them

Question 4

how did the volunteers in the defiance campaign break the law

Answer 4

walked through white only entrances
sat in white only parks
broke the curfew
refused to carry passes

Question 5

what was the impact of the defiance campaign on the ANC

Answer 5

ANC membership grew from 7000 to 100 000

Question 6

what was the result of the defiance campaign

Answer 6

police responded with extreme violence (especially in EC)

state imposed jail sentences and heavy fines, and ANC forced to call of campaign

Question 7

what are the 3 repressive government legislations

Answer 7

suppression of communism act of 1950
made communist party and similar organisations illegal

public safety act of 1953
enabled government to declare state of emergency if it believed public order was threatened

banning orders
placed on political activists and organisations

Question 8

what are the conditions of being banned

Answer 8

restricted to your district
must report to police twice a day
cant be in company of more than 1 person
cant be quoted

Question 9

when was the congress alliance formed

Answer 9

1950

Question 10

groups apart of the congress alliance

Answer 10

ANC, South African Indian Congress, South African Congress of Democrats(yts) , Coloured people’s organisation, South African Council of Trade Unions

Question 11

what is the Congress of the People campaign

Answer 11

started by Congress Alliance - demands of citizens for free and just society listed in Freedom charter

Question 12

when, where and to whom was the Freedom charter presented

Answer 12

presented to congress of the people in Kliptown 1955

Question 13

what are the positive effects of the Congress of the People campaign

Answer 13

mobilised people for long time and helped to revive ANC (ANC formulated programme for congress of alliance for next 40 yrs)

Question 14

how long did the treason trial last

Answer 14

1956 to 1961

Question 15

whats the treason trial about

Answer 15

SA government regarded the Freedom charter as treasonable doc and 156 members from Congress Alliance arrested and charged with treason

Question 16

why were African women at the forefront of resistance in 1940s and early 1950s

Answer 16

experienced less restrictions than men

Question 17

how did the government try to extend control over African women in the 1950s

Answer 17

control women moving into cities and restrict freedom while in city by extending pass laws to them

Question 18

what event took place on 9 Aug 1956

Answer 18

20 000 women marched to union buildings (pretoria) and gave letters of protest to prime minister J.G Strijdom

Question 19

what was the result of women’s resistance

Answer 19

failed to achieve objectives, pass laws extended to African women in late 1950s

Question 20

what does PAC stand for

Answer 20

Pan Africanist Congress

Question 21

how was the PAC formed

Answer 21

formed in 1959 when group from ANC broke away and formed own organisation

Question 22

who was the PAC led by

Answer 22

Robert Sobukwe, P.K Leballo, Zeph Mothopeng

Question 23

why was the PAC opposed to the congress alliance

Answer 23

africanists- opposed to working with non african organisations
south african congress of democrats -white

Question 24

how do the PAC and ANC differ

Answer 24

differ radically in conception of struggle
ANC- class struggle
PAC- national struggle (oppressed as an African Nation)
- stand for complete overthrow of white domain

Question 25

why is the Sharpeville Massacre important

Answer 25

turning point from peaceful resistance to violent resistance

Question 26

when did the Sharpeville massacre happen

Answer 26

21 March 1960

Question 27

what happened at the sharpeville massacre

Answer 27

PAC organised non violent protest against pass laws
plan was to march to local police station, hand in pass laws and give selves up for arrest
large crowd gathered outside police station in Sharpeville
police fired at crowd, killing 69 and wounding 180

Question 28

where is sharpeville

Answer 28

near Vereeniging

Question 29

moderate protest

Answer 29

deputations or petitions

Question 30

militant

Answer 30

using strong pressure to achieve aims

Question 31

groundswell

Answer 31

powerful but subtle

gradual strengthening of popular opinion

Question 32

abolish

Answer 32

put and end to

get rid of

Question 33

civil disobedience

Answer 33

deliverately break law as part of political campaign

Question 34

disbanded

Answer 34

closed itself down

discontinued as political party

Question 35

state of emergency

Answer 35

period of time where government suspends rule of law and takes special powers to rule country

Question 36

banning orders

Answer 36

government order/decree leading to person being banned (jailed for 5 yrs)

Question 37

treason

Answer 37

act considered disloyal to country by government

punishable by execution

Question 38

acquitted

Answer 38

declared not guilty