french revolution Flashcards
1
Q
revolution
A
huge change in society
can refer to violent uprising but doesn’t always involve violence
2
Q
rebellion
A
open resistance to government or authority
3
Q
riot
A
form of civil disobedience where group violently cause public disorder against authority,property and people
4
Q
the state
A
country or government
5
Q
coup d’état
A
military overthrow
6
Q
monarchy
A
state w king or queen as leader
7
Q
absolute monarchy
A
king or queen make all decisions and dont have to consult anyone else
8
Q
divine right of kings
A
idea that royal leaders were chosen by God to rule
9
Q
social stratification
A
system of class division
10
Q
hierachy
A
system where people or groups are ranked according to status or authority
11
Q
liberty,equality,fraternity
A
motto of french revolution
12
Q
estates general
A
system of french parliament before the revolution
13
Q
municipality
A
section of a country/city that has a local form of government
14
Q
feudalism
A
system of land ownership and usage used widely in europe in middle ages based on principle that everyone has responsibilities to the land,country and king
common people exploited
15
Q
bureaucracy
A
system of government where most important decisions made by state officials rather than elected representatives (nepotism)
16
Q
secular
A
not connected w religion or spirituality
17
Q
moderate
A
neither radical nor conservative (centrists)
18
Q
radical
A
promotes through thorough or total change
extremists
19
Q
conservative
A
does not want change/innovation
holds traditional values
20
Q
tribunal
A
court/committee that settles dispute
21
Q
conscription
A
compulsory military service
22
Q
republic
A
government where head of state is not king/queen
23
Q
bourgeoisie
A
middle class w professional jobs from third estate
24
Q
aristocracy
A
highest class in certain societies (inherited titles/offices)
25
ancien régime
old rule
| political/social system in france from 15th century to revolution
26
when did the tennis court oath take place
20 june 1789
27
when did national assembly form
17 june
28
when was bastille stormed
14 july
29
when and why did declaration of Pill Nitz by rulers of austria and prussia take place.
27 august
| affirmed intention to return king of france to power (ideas dont spread to their countries)
30
when was king louis executed
21 jan 1793
31
what are the long term causes of the french revolution
| explain each
injustice of absolute monarchy as political system
(no gurantee of good leadership, king louis xvi not set to lead, nepotism- unqualified-chasos)
injustice of estates system as social and economic structure
(divided into 3 classes/estates, at top of system was king, who only answered to God.
32
what is considered long term
50+ years
33
what is considered short term
2-50 years
34
state and explain short term causes of french revolution
louis xvi as leader
(indecisive,prone to nepotism,out of touch, inspired no loyalty and little fear. Marie Antoinette less popular as from austria, extravagent, and vain, spent lots of money-economic hardships)
```
economic crises
(french economy in serious trouble-france in debt. government had to borrow money just to pay interest. lifestyle of nobility cost a lot, only 3rd estate paying tax-unfair and unsustainable. cost of living rised but mages remained same. growing anger and frustration-ready to take action.
```
spread of new ideas
(philophisers began to question and urged people to think critically about how society structured)
american war of independance
(french helped america against old enemies, some ideas of french philophisers (Rosseau,Montesquieu) included in US constitution. French soldiers retuned to france inspired, declaration of independance impacted french revolution
35
what were montesquieu’s ideas
need for parliament elected by the people, independant judges, king w controlled powers
36
what were rosseau’s ideas
rulers not chosen by god(modern democracy)
| liberty,equality,fraternity
37
immediate causes of french revolution
economic crisis in 1789
France bankrupt. Poor harvests,food shortages,rising bread prices
1 solution:estates general meeting to raise taxes
third estate expected to carry burden-earned very little-not enough money-system of taxation needed reform
calling of estates general
each estate had diff demands
third estate began process of reform
announced that estates should meet separate
deputies of 3rd estate refused to conduct business until other estates joined them
17 june 1789-national assembly
20 june tennis court oath
storming of the bastille
reform slow,people impatient
high unemployment,bread prices rising
king called more soldiers to paris+versailles -shut down light of reform
ppl hungry,on edge, thought he planned to shut down National Assembly
14 July 1789 - riot + stormed bastille
killed governor+released prisoners inside
bastille-symbol of power +everything wrong w monarchy, shift of power to ordinary
38
immediate consequences of storming bastille
violence spread
peasants armed themselves +attacked homes of noble landowners (symbol of power)
nobles+clergymen fled
feudalism ended
39
short term consequences of storming of the bastille
```
declaration of rights of man in august 1789 by National Assembly
France became constitutional monarchy
all men over 25 could pay tax
church property nationalised
privileges of clergy ended
freedom of press and religion
judges elected by people,trial by jury
torture and cruel punishments outlawed
Louis XVI no real power
1791- flee France with family, discovered-arrested-threat
```
40
when was the revolution under threat
foreign countries invaded France
when french monarchy under threat- other monarchies felt threatened
wanted to restore monarchy to France , crush revolution- won’t spread across Europe
41
how was the crush of the revolution prevented
king deposed (power taken,divides people)
Republic declared/monarchy abolished
National assembly placed new government- National convention
revolution became violent
42
national convention
gov put in place by National Assembly after France declared republic
dominated by extremist groups
wanted to abolish monarchy and feudalism entirely
Maximillien Robespierre-member if National Convention, leader of France
43
committee of public safety
```
12 people
established to protect republic against foreign attack + internal rebellion
imposed strict laws
used terror to “unite” France
Rights (eg freedom of speech) fell away
```
44
revolutionary tribunal
suspected disloyal people suspected of betraying revolution
| imprisoned and executed-guillotine
45
guillotine
aka national razor
execution method of choice during revolution
public means of punishing people for various crimes against revolution
46
problems facing national convention and committee of public safety
start to criticise national convention as to extreme + ineffective - war,famine,unemployment,crops requisitioned by army,chaos from sudden violent change
robespierre- attempt to de-Christianise France- misguided attempt to protect separation of church+state
Robespierre to extreme
47
when and why was Robespierre executed
too extreme
churches closed,no public worship allowed, churches used as ammunition dumps, no crosses allowed on graves, christian calander replaced
committee of public safety feared might be victims of great terror, revolution would not survive w/o support — therefore arrested
executed 28 july 1794
48
directory
conservative,restrictive,powerful government
put end to extremes of Terror
supported by moderate middle class+peasants
closed down radical clubs (eg Jacobins MR)
changed voting system so fewer wealthier men could vote
people protest-losing og goal- equality
gov ordered army to crush protests
49
napoleon bonaparte
```
officer in charge of directory army
aka italian midget
fought in various wars
considered national hero
saw directory struggling
used popularity to overthrow Directory
```
50
how did Napoleon overthrow directory
saw vulnerable point in directory leadership
used popularity as national hero to overthrow
coup d’etat on 9 Nov 1799-coup of 18-19 Brumaire
51
The consulate
3 consuls (supposed to be equal) who would serve 10 year office period
3 consuls- Triumvirate
Napoleon- first consul
manipulated system so all power lie with him (dictator but acted like elected)
by 1800- de facto leader “after a vote” ^
napoleon -emperor - hereditary position
pill passed introducing empire “napoleon insists position must come from people”
crowned 2 dec 1804
52
when was napoleon crowned emporer
| when did rule end
2 december 1804
| until 1814
53
state under napoleonp
```
secular
no trace of divine right of kings
based on conscripted army
staffed by professional bureaucracy
determined by merit
affairs dealt w/ on principle of equality according to fixed laws
```
54
why did napoleon resign
| life after napoleon
desire for power became his undoing
forced to resign because of defeat in series of wars
attempted second reign of France
defeated- forced into exile on Saint Helena
died 1821 at 51 yrs
55
napoleon
| legacy
worked to restore stability in post-revolutionary France
centralised government
established reforms in banking and education
supported science and arts
sought to improve relations between his rule and pope
napoleonic code-streamlined french legal system, foundation of french civil law
56
how middle class achieved in revolution
benefited economically + politically
| dominated government
57
how peasants achieved in revolution
feudalism ended
- didnt pay feudal dues
- received land(owned 75% of land)
58
how women achieved in revolution
easier to divorce but like thats it…
59
how nobles achieved in revolution
```
16k fled, 12k executed
lost feudal income
lost political power
lost exemption from taxes
lost half their land 🤣🤣🤣
```
60
how roman catholic church achieved in revolution
church lost land and power
clear separation of state and church
france-secular
61
how slaves achieved in revolution
slavery abolished in france and french colonies 🤩🤩🥳🥳🥳
| slavery later reinstated by napoleon☹️☹️
62
how other groups achieved in revolution
protestants + jewish received full civil rights
63
legacies of the revolution
ordinary people became empowered as full citizens
french revolution served as model for other revolutions + modern democracies + constitutions
modern nationalism emerged (tricolour, marseillaise, bastille day)
new political terms (left wing) radical right wing(conservative) because of where they sat @national assembly
2 million french ppl killed in violence from 1789-1815
economic growth set back by 20 yrs
significant inflation
64
when is louos xvi crowned king
1774
65
when american declaration of independence
4 july 1776
66
when do estates general meet in paris
5 may 1789
67
when formation of National assembly
17 june 1789
68
when tennis court oath
20 june 1789
69
when storming of the bastille
14 july 1789
70
when is feudalism abolished
4-5 aug 1789
