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french revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

revolution

A

huge change in society

can refer to violent uprising but doesn’t always involve violence

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2
Q

rebellion

A

open resistance to government or authority

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3
Q

riot

A

form of civil disobedience where group violently cause public disorder against authority,property and people

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4
Q

the state

A

country or government

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5
Q

coup d’état

A

military overthrow

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6
Q

monarchy

A

state w king or queen as leader

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7
Q

absolute monarchy

A

king or queen make all decisions and dont have to consult anyone else

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8
Q

divine right of kings

A

idea that royal leaders were chosen by God to rule

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9
Q

social stratification

A

system of class division

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10
Q

hierachy

A

system where people or groups are ranked according to status or authority

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11
Q

liberty,equality,fraternity

A

motto of french revolution

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12
Q

estates general

A

system of french parliament before the revolution

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13
Q

municipality

A

section of a country/city that has a local form of government

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14
Q

feudalism

A

system of land ownership and usage used widely in europe in middle ages based on principle that everyone has responsibilities to the land,country and king
common people exploited

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15
Q

bureaucracy

A

system of government where most important decisions made by state officials rather than elected representatives (nepotism)

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16
Q

secular

A

not connected w religion or spirituality

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17
Q

moderate

A

neither radical nor conservative (centrists)

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18
Q

radical

A

promotes through thorough or total change

extremists

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19
Q

conservative

A

does not want change/innovation

holds traditional values

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20
Q

tribunal

A

court/committee that settles dispute

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21
Q

conscription

A

compulsory military service

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22
Q

republic

A

government where head of state is not king/queen

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23
Q

bourgeoisie

A

middle class w professional jobs from third estate

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24
Q

aristocracy

A

highest class in certain societies (inherited titles/offices)

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25
Q

ancien régime

A

old rule

political/social system in france from 15th century to revolution

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26
Q

when did the tennis court oath take place

A

20 june 1789

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27
Q

when did national assembly form

A

17 june

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28
Q

when was bastille stormed

A

14 july

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29
Q

when and why did declaration of Pill Nitz by rulers of austria and prussia take place.

A

27 august

affirmed intention to return king of france to power (ideas dont spread to their countries)

30
Q

when was king louis executed

A

21 jan 1793

31
Q

what are the long term causes of the french revolution

explain each

A

injustice of absolute monarchy as political system
(no gurantee of good leadership, king louis xvi not set to lead, nepotism- unqualified-chasos)

injustice of estates system as social and economic structure
(divided into 3 classes/estates, at top of system was king, who only answered to God.

32
Q

what is considered long term

A

50+ years

33
Q

what is considered short term

A

2-50 years

34
Q

state and explain short term causes of french revolution

A

louis xvi as leader
(indecisive,prone to nepotism,out of touch, inspired no loyalty and little fear. Marie Antoinette less popular as from austria, extravagent, and vain, spent lots of money-economic hardships)

economic crises
(french economy in serious trouble-france in debt. government had to borrow money just to pay interest. lifestyle of nobility cost a lot, only 3rd estate paying tax-unfair and unsustainable. cost of living rised but mages remained same. growing anger and frustration-ready to take action.

spread of new ideas
(philophisers began to question and urged people to think critically about how society structured)

american war of independance
(french helped america against old enemies, some ideas of french philophisers (Rosseau,Montesquieu) included in US constitution. French soldiers retuned to france inspired, declaration of independance impacted french revolution

35
Q

what were montesquieu’s ideas

A

need for parliament elected by the people, independant judges, king w controlled powers

36
Q

what were rosseau’s ideas

A

rulers not chosen by god(modern democracy)

liberty,equality,fraternity

37
Q

immediate causes of french revolution

A

economic crisis in 1789
France bankrupt. Poor harvests,food shortages,rising bread prices
1 solution:estates general meeting to raise taxes
third estate expected to carry burden-earned very little-not enough money-system of taxation needed reform

calling of estates general
each estate had diff demands
third estate began process of reform
announced that estates should meet separate
deputies of 3rd estate refused to conduct business until other estates joined them
17 june 1789-national assembly
20 june tennis court oath

storming of the bastille
reform slow,people impatient
high unemployment,bread prices rising
king called more soldiers to paris+versailles -shut down light of reform
ppl hungry,on edge, thought he planned to shut down National Assembly
14 July 1789 - riot + stormed bastille
killed governor+released prisoners inside
bastille-symbol of power +everything wrong w monarchy, shift of power to ordinary

38
Q

immediate consequences of storming bastille

A

violence spread
peasants armed themselves +attacked homes of noble landowners (symbol of power)
nobles+clergymen fled
feudalism ended

39
Q

short term consequences of storming of the bastille

A 
declaration of rights of man in august 1789 by National Assembly 
France became constitutional monarchy 
all men over 25 could pay tax
church property nationalised
privileges of clergy ended
freedom of press and religion
judges elected by people,trial by jury
torture and cruel punishments outlawed
Louis XVI no real power
1791- flee France with family, discovered-arrested-threat
40
Q

when was the revolution under threat

A

foreign countries invaded France
when french monarchy under threat- other monarchies felt threatened
wanted to restore monarchy to France , crush revolution- won’t spread across Europe

41
Q

how was the crush of the revolution prevented

A

king deposed (power taken,divides people)
Republic declared/monarchy abolished
National assembly placed new government- National convention
revolution became violent

42
Q

national convention

A

gov put in place by National Assembly after France declared republic
dominated by extremist groups
wanted to abolish monarchy and feudalism entirely
Maximillien Robespierre-member if National Convention, leader of France

43
Q

committee of public safety

A 
12 people
established to protect republic against foreign attack + internal rebellion
imposed strict laws
used terror to “unite” France
Rights (eg freedom of speech) fell away
44
Q

revolutionary tribunal

A

suspected disloyal people suspected of betraying revolution

imprisoned and executed-guillotine

45
Q

guillotine

A

aka national razor
execution method of choice during revolution
public means of punishing people for various crimes against revolution

46
Q

problems facing national convention and committee of public safety

A

start to criticise national convention as to extreme + ineffective - war,famine,unemployment,crops requisitioned by army,chaos from sudden violent change
robespierre- attempt to de-Christianise France- misguided attempt to protect separation of church+state
Robespierre to extreme

47
Q

when and why was Robespierre executed

A

too extreme
churches closed,no public worship allowed, churches used as ammunition dumps, no crosses allowed on graves, christian calander replaced
committee of public safety feared might be victims of great terror, revolution would not survive w/o support — therefore arrested
executed 28 july 1794

48
Q

directory

A

conservative,restrictive,powerful government
put end to extremes of Terror
supported by moderate middle class+peasants
closed down radical clubs (eg Jacobins MR)
changed voting system so fewer wealthier men could vote
people protest-losing og goal- equality
gov ordered army to crush protests

49
Q

napoleon bonaparte

A 
officer in charge of directory army
aka italian midget
fought in various wars 
considered national hero
saw directory struggling
used popularity to overthrow Directory
50
Q

how did Napoleon overthrow directory

A

saw vulnerable point in directory leadership
used popularity as national hero to overthrow
coup d’etat on 9 Nov 1799-coup of 18-19 Brumaire

51
Q

The consulate

A

3 consuls (supposed to be equal) who would serve 10 year office period
3 consuls- Triumvirate
Napoleon- first consul
manipulated system so all power lie with him (dictator but acted like elected)
by 1800- de facto leader “after a vote” ^
napoleon -emperor - hereditary position
pill passed introducing empire “napoleon insists position must come from people”
crowned 2 dec 1804

52
Q

when was napoleon crowned emporer

when did rule end

A

2 december 1804

until 1814

53
Q

state under napoleonp

A 
secular
no trace of divine right of kings
based on conscripted army
staffed by professional bureaucracy 
determined by merit
affairs dealt w/ on principle of equality according to fixed laws
54
Q

why did napoleon resign

life after napoleon

A

desire for power became his undoing
forced to resign because of defeat in series of wars
attempted second reign of France
defeated- forced into exile on Saint Helena
died 1821 at 51 yrs

55
Q

napoleon

legacy

A

worked to restore stability in post-revolutionary France
centralised government
established reforms in banking and education
supported science and arts
sought to improve relations between his rule and pope
napoleonic code-streamlined french legal system, foundation of french civil law

56
Q

how middle class achieved in revolution

A

benefited economically + politically

dominated government

57
Q

how peasants achieved in revolution

A

feudalism ended

  • didnt pay feudal dues
  • received land(owned 75% of land)
58
Q

how women achieved in revolution

A

easier to divorce but like thats it…

59
Q

how nobles achieved in revolution

A 
16k fled, 12k executed 
lost feudal income
lost political power
lost exemption from taxes
lost half their land 🤣🤣🤣
60
Q

how roman catholic church achieved in revolution

A

church lost land and power
clear separation of state and church
france-secular

61
Q

how slaves achieved in revolution

A

slavery abolished in france and french colonies 🤩🤩🥳🥳🥳

slavery later reinstated by napoleon☹️☹️

62
Q

how other groups achieved in revolution

A

protestants + jewish received full civil rights

63
Q

legacies of the revolution

A

ordinary people became empowered as full citizens
french revolution served as model for other revolutions + modern democracies + constitutions
modern nationalism emerged (tricolour, marseillaise, bastille day)
new political terms (left wing) radical right wing(conservative) because of where they sat @national assembly
2 million french ppl killed in violence from 1789-1815
economic growth set back by 20 yrs
significant inflation

64
Q

when is louos xvi crowned king

A

1774

65
Q

when american declaration of independence

A

4 july 1776

66
Q

when do estates general meet in paris

A

5 may 1789

67
Q

when formation of National assembly

A

17 june 1789

68
Q

when tennis court oath

A

20 june 1789

69
Q

when storming of the bastille

A

14 july 1789

70
Q

when is feudalism abolished

A

4-5 aug 1789

history (21 decks)

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