independent africa

Question 1

ideologies

Answer 1

The set of ideas that a person has in terms of problems and solutions is an ideology. These ideas usually centre on forms of government (democracy, one-party state etc.) and economic systems (capitalism, socialism etc.).

Question 2

african nationalists

Answer 2

People who believed that Africans should rule themselves and thus fought against colonial rule. E.g.) Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, Patrice Lumumba of the Congo

Question 3

colonial powers

Answer 3

powerful European countries who colonised various parts of Africa. These parts were made into countries (often with arbitrary borders) by these powers and these countries became colonies.

Question 4

colonialism

Answer 4

A system whereby a powerful country uses its economic and social power to take over a weaker country.

Question 5

empire

Answer 5

all of a colonial power’s colonies.

Question 6

year of africa

Answer 6

1960
17 countries, former colonies, gained their independence in 12 months.
wind of change’ (African nationalism) swept across Africa - by 1980, only four African states were not self-governed.

Question 7

belgium rule in congo

Answer 7

under king leopold- barbaric + cruel

Question 8

congo under rule of belgium

Answer 8

king leopold ll- barbaric and cruel- based purely on profit
the enslavement and murder of millions of Congolese under the guise of ‘a civilising and Christian mission’
high taxes, forced labour and paternalism, direct rule, encouraged inter-tribal divisions and very few secondary schools with no tertiary or higher education for native Congolese.

Question 9

how was africa drawn into the cold war

Answer 9

foreign intervention
african countries gain independence and become sites of conflict for the 2 superpowers who wanted to expand their respective spheres of influence (influence economically, diplomatically, militarily)
external powers competed in africa by providing aid and seeking trade alliances (lengthening conflicts and making them more deadly)

Question 10

China’s involvement with Africa

Answer 10

China identified itself with the developing world
Tan-Zam railway linking zambian copper belt to port of dar-es-salaam in tanzania

Question 11

US interests in Africa

Answer 11

concerned with stopping spread of communist influence in Africa and promoting a capitalist agenda that protected trade routes

Question 12

british colonisation

Answer 12

indirect rule
appointed chiefs as gov agents to enforce laws and collect taxes

Question 13

french/belgian/portugese colonisation

Answer 13

direct rule
administration done by europeans, africans can achieve a certain level of education and prosperity, could become citizens of mother country (country of colonists) + vote

Question 14

economic effects of colonisation

Answer 14

subsistence farming replaced by commercial cash crop farming (if cash crop fails- no food or income)
fertile land expropriated and given for settlers
taxes introduced to force farmers to grow cash crops or become migrant workers
secondary industries + technical skills underdeveloped
transport systems developed only to support export
economy of colony dependent on metropole

Question 15

metropole

Answer 15

the parent state of a colony

Question 16

social effects of colonisation

Answer 16

scientific racism/eugenics/social darwinism practiced to “civilise’ africans
new social structures to ensure paternalistic relationship (master-servant relationship)
christianity introduced (supposedly- my opinion)
primary education introduced (incomplete education)
medical,social, welfare services provided but inadequate
urbanisation + subsequent destruction of ethnic identity

Question 17

the wind of change

Answer 17

1960-british prime minister harold macmillian stated in SA that “the wind of change is blowing through this continent. whether we like it or not , this growth of national consciousness is a political fact”

Question 18

how did african countries become independent

Answer 18

• decline of colonial powers ( economies of superpowers drained by world wars- too economically weak to maintain empires ) - Eurocentric theory
• growth of african nationalism (unity + efforts of africans forced colonisers to leave ) -afrocentric theory
  -impact of cold war
  superpowers promoted/supported end of colonialism - wanted to establish own areas of influence in newly independent countries

Question 19

how was independence realised in africa

Answer 19

economic reforms and systems introduced
new states promote economic development and industrialisation, introducing african socialism or capitalism

Question 20

african socialism

Answer 20

share country’s economic resources in a traditional african way
reflect varied needs of country
pre colonial africa’s communal values + absence of class should form identity
main themes: african identity, economic development, class formation and social control

Question 21

african socialism examples

Answer 21

• julius nyerere tanzania - collectivisation, economic self reliance
  -kwame nkrumah ghana - greater civil service , large scale gov spending on public projects
  -mozambique- nationalisation, collectivisation,one party gov, banning of private business
  -zambia - humanism, mixed economy, combo of socialism + capitalism

Question 22

capitalism

Answer 22

foreign investment, economic ties w west
enriches some, impoverishes others

Question 23

democracy

Answer 23

multi parties
elections
opposition parties allowed to operate freely

Question 24

one - party states

Answer 24

dictatorship
legacy of colonial rule
creates unity + avoids ethnic divisions
abuse of power
vanguard