australia

Question 1

assimilation

Answer 1

process of becoming similar to something

minority adopts behaviour of majority

Question 2

colonisation

Answer 2

process of settling and establishing control over indigenous people of an area

Question 3

eugenics

Answer 3

pseudo/social science that promotes that idea that you can breed “good” genes and “bad” it

Question 4

pseudo science

Answer 4

scientific claims that do not confer any predictive power

Question 5

miscegenation

Answer 5

inbreeding of people considered to be of different racial types
race mixing

Question 6

race

Answer 6

social construct that classifies people from where they’re from, heritage and physical characteristics

Question 7

social constructs

Answer 7

an idea created and accepted by society

Question 8

kinship

Answer 8

connection/relation

Question 9

crown land

Answer 9

land under control of royal kingdom

Question 10

penal

Answer 10

prisoners punishment

Question 11

wards of the state

Answer 11

under control of government

Question 12

reserves

Answer 12

areas of land designated for indigenous ppl to live

Question 13

zenith

Answer 13

peak,pinnacle

Question 14

progeny

Answer 14

offspring,children

Question 15

who are the indigenous australians

Answer 15

aboriginal and torres strait people

Question 16

when did the indigenous australians arrive

Answer 16

migrated from africa 50 000 yrs ago

Question 17

what was the population of the indigenous people in the 16th century

Answer 17

75 000 members

over 500 groups connected by culture and community lifestyle

Question 18

where were the indigenous people staying

Answer 18

south and east australia, coastal regions, Murray River Valley

Question 19

what did the Aboriginal lifestyle include

Answer 19

lived community based lives
total kinship with natural environment
killing for food and building shelter steeped in ritual and spirituality and carried out in perfect balance with surroundings
believe land was given to them by Baiami- is their sacred duty to protect land and animals they affiliate with

Question 20

when did the colonial period of Australia begin

Answer 20

1788

Question 21

how was Australia colonised

Answer 21

british gov. declared regions of land crown land
Australia became penal colony
convicts w minor crimes transported to Australia, used as labourers to build and create new british colony

Question 22

how did the Indigenous Australians feel about the arrival of the British
what were their reactions

Answer 22

felt bewildered, fearful,worried and puzzled
thought europeans were ghosts (white skin) or evil (white skin) spirits
some tried to find place for them in their kinship system and treated them as spirits of dead and offered food

Question 23

what did the british begin to do which gave off the impression that they were not visitors, but here to stay

Answer 23

began clearing land and fencing off properties which cut of access to waterholes, hunting grounds and fishing, and without permission of elders

Question 24

how did the Indigenous people see the british

Answer 24

strangers that didn’t speak language, didnt obey rules, didnt respect rituals and sacred places

Question 25

what resulted in the reduced pop. of Indigenous people in the mid 1800s
how did they have to survive

Answer 25

violence,disease and dispossession
survival came at expense of heritage, culture, family, language and independence
exchange for protection

Question 26

why was the protection policy implemented

Answer 26

colonial authorities felt “obliged” to protect Indigenous people since the population had dwindled since the arrival of the British

Question 27

what conditions did the Indigenous people face under the policy of “protection”

Answer 27

made wards of state and subjected to policies that controlled where they could love, who they could marry, where they could work

Question 28

what are government reserves

Answer 28

tracts of land designated for Indigenous people to live on
originally intended to protect indigenous people from colonial violence
facilitated for control over lives of indigenous

Question 29

how were christian missions used to further control over the Indigenous people

Answer 29

used as agencies government responsibilities for Aboriginal people could be delegated to

Question 30

what responsibilities were christian missionaries delegated

Answer 30

distribution of government rations

provision of medical aid and education

Question 31

why did Indigenous people no longer live where they did

Answer 31

forcibly removed from their lands and made to live on reserves (driven out into inhospitable foothills, unable to perform ceremonies, destroyed livelihoods

Question 32

what were the government reserves like

Answer 32

highly institutionalised, opp. of indigenous lifestyle, strictly controlled, promoted group identity

Question 33

what was the aim of the forced removal into government reserves
what was the result

Answer 33

aim- civilise Indigenous people and eradicate Indigenous culture
result- robbed of culture and language of community, had no legal claim to land

Question 34

what had the government achieved by 1911

Answer 34

every mainland state and territory had introduced protection policies that subjected Indigenous people to near-total control of government and denied them basic human rights such as freedom of movement and labour, custody of children, control over personal property

Question 35

what happened if you were not confined to the reserve

Answer 35

treated as wild animal
Aboriginal people subject to hunting parties (killed for sport or poisoned)
justified with pseudo science

Question 36

what effects of colonialism resulted in some 80% of the Aboriginal community dying

Answer 36

wars, massacres, diseases (smallpox and influenza brought by british, sickness from damp dirty clothes they slept in)

Question 37

what is meant by the Aborigine Problem

Answer 37

in beginning of 20th century, thought that Aboriginal people would die out

became clear that they were not going to disappear

Question 38

racial suicide

Answer 38

white australian birth rate low
white australians feared failure of couples to produce large families would lead to racial suicide
worried fit(white) outnumbered by unfit (non-white)
Aboriginal men have more than 1 wife-large families
feared white race would be wiped out

Question 39

racial decay

Answer 39

without gov. intervention, would be decline in ‘desirable, successful and worthy’ in Australia, leading to racial decay- unfit having large numbers of children (inferior, can’t progress)

segregation of unfit, sterilisation, prohibition of worthy and unworthy marrying would eliminate unfit from society

Question 40

what was the approach of the assimilation policy

Answer 40

full blood Indigenous people should be allowed to die out through ‘natural’ elimination and mixed - race Indigenous people encouraged to assimilate into white community

Question 41

what did the assimilation policy presume

why was this contradictory

Answer 41

Indigenous people could enjoy same standard of living if they adapted European customs and beliefs and were absorbed into white society

expects indigenous people to take responsibility for becoming same as white ppl but never gave them the same rights or opportunities to do so

Question 42

why did the assimilation policy focus on kids

Answer 42

easy to indoctrinate

adaptable to white society

Question 43

what were the years 1910-1970

Answer 43

Stolen generations

children taken from parents to be assimilated into white society

Question 44

who allowed children to be removed

Answer 44

chief protector of Aboriginals in western australia A.O Neville

Question 45

what happened to Indigenous children in government custody

how did Neville believe this process would work

Answer 45

received european education, trained in domestic and stock work , would return to settlements between jobs

lead to acceptance by non-indigenous and own loss of indigenous identity

Question 46

why were mixed race Indigenous children particularly vulnerable to removal

Answer 46

easier to assimilate due to lighter skin

Question 47

why did some Indigenous people have to leave reserves

why was it hard leaving life on the resrves

Answer 47

land reclaimed by gov. for housing and mining

life on reserve oppresive, more difficult to find work in cities/towns due to racism in wider society
indigenous people refused access to community venues and services

Question 48

why did indigenous policies fail to improve indigenous lives

Answer 48

rather than being assimilated, forced to live in poverty on fringes of town

Question 49

what did assimilation do to Indigenous people

Answer 49

undermined Indigenous identity
justified dispossession of Indigenous people and removal of children
treated indigenous people as substandard
caused cultural extinction

Question 50

how were those taken as children affected

Answer 50

psychologically, physically and sexually abused in state care leading to lifelong trauma
felt ashamed of culture, disconnect, inability to pass on heritage
rejected from whites and Indigenous people
never knew who or where theyd been taken from
living institutions were highly controlled: harshly punished, cold, hungry, no affection
received low level of education- expected to work as labourers and servants — lifelong economic implications and unable to assist kids with education

Question 51

for parents/relatives of taken

Answer 51

never recovered from grief of losing child
some couldn’t go on living, others turned to alcohol to cope
siblings and family separated

Question 52

ho did people try to resist the assimilation policies

Answer 52

parents hide children
residents refused to follow rules
refused to pay rent
vandalised mission property 
Australian Aboriginals Progress Association 1927
Fred Maynard n Tom Lacey