coming to democracy

Question 1

commission of inquiry

Answer 1

goldstone commission
body of NPA
to investigate causes of political violence, background + SUGGEST remedies

Question 2

groote schuur

Answer 2

break deadlock ( ANC + PAC wanted release of all members, De Klerk said those imprisoned for criminal offences won’t be) ANC delegation met NP delegation at groote schuur on 2 may
results announced 4 may
-would set up committee to define “political offences”
-agreed on timetable for release of these prisoners
-return of exiles : temporary immunity from criminal prosecution so ANC national executive committee may return
lifting of state emergency
suspension of death penalty
commitment to better communication to limit growing political violence + intimidation

Question 3

CODESA + aims

Answer 3

convention for a democratic south africa
aims: heal divisions of past, improve quality of life for all through economic development + social justice, peacefully change constitution

Question 4

tripartite alliance

Answer 4

alliance of ANC, SACP + COSATU

Question 5

CODESA 1

Answer 5

december 1991
19 parties
drew up interim constitution
interim gov would take place in 2 stages - formation of multiparty Transitional executive council (TEC) to function alongside tricameral, then after elections interim gov, constituent assembly +CODESA to meet may 1992
CODESA 1 failed - ended in disagreements over majority rule + regional powers: NP wanted guaranteed level of minority representation in gov, others saw this as continuation of racial system
failed but laid foundation

Question 6

white voters referendum

Answer 6

CP demanded general election
NP held referendum on negotiations for white voters in march 1992
68% voted for negotiations

Question 7

sebokeng massacre

Answer 7

night of 12 jan 1991
>30 killed by attackers w hand grenades + guns at all-night vigil in sebokeng,vaal where mourners paying respects to Chris Nangalembe, ANC member who died earlier

Question 8

Boipatong massacre

Answer 8

17 june 1992
300 IFP supporters attacked Boipatong, killing 46.
Claims that police participated in violence
Mandela suspected a 3rd force of gov + police were inflaming violence + aiding IFP
ANC left CODESA 2

Question 9

IFP

Answer 9

Inkatha Freedom Party
• Formed by Chief Gatsha Buthelezi
• Encouraged Zulu nationalism
• Buthelezi was a former member of the ANC but
his Zulu Nationalism clashed with the ANC’s
multiracial approach
• Membership of IFP was made up of former ANC
supporters and the new middle class
• Originally it only allowed Zulu men but in the
mid 1980s it expanded to all men and
women

Question 10

AWB

Answer 10

Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
right wing afrikaner nationalist

Question 11

third force

Answer 11

de Klerk encouraged Inkatha to disrupt ANC meetings and intimidate Mandela’s
supporters. Furthermore, members of the government’s covert forces – such as
Eugene de Kock – began working on behalf of Inkatha. This greatly contributed
to the rising violence in South Africa.
de Kock known as Prime Evil

Question 12

why CODESA 2 FAILED

Answer 12

• Disagreement over interim government - NP wanted a minority veto in constitutional negotiations, rejected by ANC
• Disagreement over percentage required to adopt the constitution
• Finally, ANC belief that the government was secretly stoking violence.

Question 13

record of understanding

Answer 13

26 selection 1992, ANC + NP released it- agreement between Roelf Meyer of NP + Cyril Ramaphosa of ANC for negotiations to continue despite violence
agreed on issues of Constitutional assembly, interim gov,dangerous weapons + mass action, release of remaining political prisoners, cordoning of zulu hostels

Question 14

sunset clause

Answer 14

break deadlock of minority rights
by Joe Slovo leader of SACP
slow transitional period lead to more success- new black gov will have no choice to work through existing white bureaucracy
apartheid regime setting (gradually)+ giving way to new dawn of SA SOOO gov of national unity would be formed after elections, NP would have share of power for first 5 years, jobs of white civil service,soldiers+ police guaranteed for 10 yrs

Question 15

MPNF

Answer 15

multi party negotiation forum

Question 16

interim constitution finalised

Answer 16

any party w 20 or more seats in National Assembly could claim 1 or more cabinet portfolios + enter gov, president would come from largest party, deputy from next 2

Question 17

Chris Hani assassination

Answer 17

April 1993 by Janusz Waluś - Polish immigrant who plotted w CP member Clive Derby-Lewis
caused deep crisis, rand declined

Question 18

Bophuthatswana invasion

Answer 18

march 1994
President mangope refused to give up independence
strike began - called on volksfront for help
did NOT want AWB, still came anyways
army rebelled - AWB drove about recklessly + fired at civillians, Bophutatswana Defence Force soldiers - 3 AWB members killed
mangope forced to retire

Question 19

AWB + world trade centre

Answer 19

25 June 1993
drove an armoured vehicle through windows of World Trade centre where negotiations were taking place

Question 20

APLA

Answer 20

azanian people’s liberation army (apla)
25 july 1993- attacked St James church, killing 11 + wounding 56
PAC supporters killed Amy Bhiel - US student (who was anti-apartheid activists)
20 december 1993, attacked Heidelberg Tavern in Cape Town ( 4 killed)

Question 21

shell house incident

Answer 21

28 march
20 000 IFP supporters marched on ANC Headquarters at shell house to protest against elections
ANC guards shot 19 members
incident triggered state of emergency across 11 magistrate districts

Question 22

elections

Answer 22

june 1993- decided that date of elections - 27 april 1994
IFP took part at last minute
ANC,NP + IFP formed first gov with mandela as president

Question 23

constitution of the republic of south africa

Answer 23

8 may 1996
highest law of land
Bikl of rights - human rights charter

Question 24

challenges of GNU

Answer 24

economic bankruptcy (inflation, unemployment, high interest on foreign loans)
inequalities (water,sanitation, healthacare for all)
new structures necessary ( MK + APLA incorporated into SADF, homelands made provinces, restructuring of edu system)
violence + crime stikk rife

Question 25

nuremberg war trials

Answer 25

retributive justice
after holocaust- perpetrators left
those responsible trued as criminals - held responsible and punished, many executed
ordinary germans absolved

Question 26

truth commissions in argentina + chile

Answer 26

enquiries
Rettig report
find put what had happened to disappeared, no punishment
aims: gather evidence that identifies victims by name, fate + whereabouts
recommend reparations for victims families
recommend legal + administrative measures to prevent future violations
create complete as possible pucture of human rights violations that occurred.

Question 27

restorative justice

Answer 27

restorative justice focuses on the rehabilitation of offenders through reconciliation w victims and the community at large

Question 28

TRC

Answer 28

truth and reconciliation commission
aim to promote national unity and reconciliation by 1. establishing complete a picture as possible of the causes, nature and extent of gross violations from march 1960 to may 1994, , TRUTH 2. recommended sentencing perpetrators of crimes, 3. Granting amnesty for full disclosure of crimes committed with a political motive, 4. recommended Granting reparations to restore dignity

in the context of sa, the trc used restorative justice to uncover the truth abt human rights violations under apartheid to achieve national healing and reconciliation

Question 29

TRC committees

Answer 29

Human Rights Violations Committee (perpetrators + victims come fwd + appeal for commission to find out abt incident)
Amnesty Committee (amnesty) the Reparation and Rehabilitation Committee (compensation)

Question 30

amnesty conditions

Answer 30

Actions had to be politically motivated
• Full disclosure of the facts had to be made
• The action was proportional to the objective

Question 31

TRC leadership

Answer 31

archbishop desmond tutu + dr alex Boraine (anti apartheid activist )
both well respected

Question 32

types of reparation

Answer 32

Interim reparations: urgent one-off payment of between R2000 and R6000.
2. Individual reparation grants – one-off payments of R30000
3. Symbolic reparation – the erection of headstones and memorials
4. Legal and Administrative reparation – erasing criminal records and declaration of deaths for the disappeared
5. Institutional reform – geared towards the judiciary, security forces, correctional services

Question 33

positives of TRC

Answer 33

Significant role in healing SA and building a united nation.
performed a therapeutic role in the sense that victims of apartheid got to testify and perpetrators made public confessions. Reparations were also paid.
Forced liberation movements to account for their actions
Solved many murders and disappearances, exposed secret police actions.

Question 34

negatives of TRC

Answer 34

members of society criticised this religious element of confessions.
ignored the effects of apartheid as a system.
Some families of victims objected to amnesty, felt TRC denied them their right to justice.
ignored institutional violence
important leaders avoided responsibility.
very few prosecutions were held after the TRC.
time frame ignored the effects of institutional violence caused by the 1913 Land Act and the apartheid legislation enacted from 1948 to 1960.
no post TRC-body to oversee implementation of wide-range of reparations