Non-pathogenic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is an immune mediated disease?

A
  • Immune system failure, as body begins to attack self cells
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2
Q

What are the different types of immune reactions?

A
  • Anaphylaxis (Type I)
  • Cytotoxic (Type II)
  • Immune complex (Type III)
  • Delayed type (Type IV)
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3
Q

What is anaphylaxis (Type I) reaction?

A
  • Exaggerated immune response, which causes swelling and can be life-threatening
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4
Q

What is cytotoxic (Type II) reaction?

A

Antibodies attach to self cell antigens, which destroys them

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5
Q

What is immune complexes (Type III) reaction?

A

Occurs when there is excess of soluble antigens that bind to antibodies that form complexes

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6
Q

What is delayed (Type IV) reaction?

A

A reaction that takes several days to develop after exposure to the antigen

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7
Q

Name allergic skin diseases

A
  • Flea allergic dermatitis (FAD)
  • Atopic dermatitis (AD)
  • Allergic and irritant contact dermatitis
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8
Q

Name allergic gastrointestinal diseases

A
  • Adverse reaction to food or intolerance
  • Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
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9
Q

How are allergies diagnosed?

A
  • Blood samples sent for screening
  • Intradermal skin tent
  • Food elimination trial
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10
Q

How are allergies treated?

A
  • Immunotherapy
  • Hypoallergenic diets
  • Atopica (Apoquel) and steroids (Antihistamines)
  • Supplements (Yumega)
  • Topical (shampoos, creams and sprays
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11
Q

What is immune medaited haemolytic anaemia (IMHA)?

A
  • Immune system’s antibodies stick to RBC’s, which make them look like non-self cells, so the RBC’s are destroyed
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12
Q

What are the clinical signs of immune mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA)?

A
  • Splenomegaly
  • Jaundice
  • Weakness
  • Lethargy
  • Tachycardia and tachypnoea
  • Pale mucous membranes
  • Vomiting
  • Fever
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13
Q

How is immune mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA)?

A
  • Clinical signs
  • Haemotology
  • Biochemistry
  • Diagnostic imaging
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14
Q

How is immune mediated haemolytic treatment?

A
  • Supportive
  • Blood transfusion
  • Corticosteroids (Suppress immuen system)
  • Treat underlying cause
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15
Q

What is a graft/transfusion rejection?

A
  • Immune system reject the graft/transfusion, as it is seen as non-self
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16
Q

What is immune mediated thrombocytopenia (IMTP)?

A

Reduction in the number of platelets

17
Q

What are the clinical signs of immune mediated thrombocytopenia (IMTP)?

A
  • Idiopathic
  • Bruising on gums and sclera
  • Petechiae
  • Small amounts of haematuria
  • Epistaxis oe haematochezia
18
Q

How is immune mediated thrombocytopenia (IMTP) diagnosed?

A
  • Clinical signs
  • Platelet count
  • Clotting parameters
19
Q

What are the causes of primary vomiting?

A
  • Gastritis
  • Gastric ulceration
  • Gastric neoplasia
  • Pyloric stenosis
20
Q

What are the causes of secondary vomiting?

A
  • Renal disease (azotaemia)
  • Diabetes emllitus (ketoacidosis)
  • Pyometra
  • Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism)
  • Hepatitis
  • Pancreatitis
  • Colitits
21
Q

What are the causes of primary diarrhoea?

A
  • Viral or bacterial infections
  • Worm infections
  • Giardiasis
  • Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
  • Tumours
  • Colitis
22
Q

What are the causes of secondary diarrhoea?

A
  • Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism)
  • Renal failure (Azotaemia)
  • Liver disease
  • Pancreatic disease
  • Hyperthyroidism
23
Q

What are the clinical signs of megaoesophagus?

A
  • Regurgitation
  • Weight loss
  • Coughing
  • Dyspnoea
24
Q

What is gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV)?

A

Where the stomach twists and fills up with gas, which causes severe bloating and death

25
What is portosystemic shunt?
Where the hepatic portal vein empties directly into the caudal vena cava bypassing the liver
26
How is portosystemic shunt diagnosed?
- Blood liver enzymes - Diagnostic imaging (radiography, ultrasound and CT)
27
How is portosystemic shunt treated?
- Surgical correction - Medication
28
What is pancreatitis?
Acute or chronic pain in the pancreas
29
How is pancreatitis diagnosed?
- Blood tests - Diagnostic imaging