Non-pathogenic Disorders Flashcards
What is an immune mediated disease?
- Immune system failure, as body begins to attack self cells
What are the different types of immune reactions?
- Anaphylaxis (Type I)
- Cytotoxic (Type II)
- Immune complex (Type III)
- Delayed type (Type IV)
What is anaphylaxis (Type I) reaction?
- Exaggerated immune response, which causes swelling and can be life-threatening
What is cytotoxic (Type II) reaction?
Antibodies attach to self cell antigens, which destroys them
What is immune complexes (Type III) reaction?
Occurs when there is excess of soluble antigens that bind to antibodies that form complexes
What is delayed (Type IV) reaction?
A reaction that takes several days to develop after exposure to the antigen
Name allergic skin diseases
- Flea allergic dermatitis (FAD)
- Atopic dermatitis (AD)
- Allergic and irritant contact dermatitis
Name allergic gastrointestinal diseases
- Adverse reaction to food or intolerance
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
How are allergies diagnosed?
- Blood samples sent for screening
- Intradermal skin tent
- Food elimination trial
How are allergies treated?
- Immunotherapy
- Hypoallergenic diets
- Atopica (Apoquel) and steroids (Antihistamines)
- Supplements (Yumega)
- Topical (shampoos, creams and sprays
What is immune medaited haemolytic anaemia (IMHA)?
- Immune system’s antibodies stick to RBC’s, which make them look like non-self cells, so the RBC’s are destroyed
What are the clinical signs of immune mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA)?
- Splenomegaly
- Jaundice
- Weakness
- Lethargy
- Tachycardia and tachypnoea
- Pale mucous membranes
- Vomiting
- Fever
How is immune mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA)?
- Clinical signs
- Haemotology
- Biochemistry
- Diagnostic imaging
How is immune mediated haemolytic treatment?
- Supportive
- Blood transfusion
- Corticosteroids (Suppress immuen system)
- Treat underlying cause
What is a graft/transfusion rejection?
- Immune system reject the graft/transfusion, as it is seen as non-self
What is immune mediated thrombocytopenia (IMTP)?
Reduction in the number of platelets
What are the clinical signs of immune mediated thrombocytopenia (IMTP)?
- Idiopathic
- Bruising on gums and sclera
- Petechiae
- Small amounts of haematuria
- Epistaxis oe haematochezia
How is immune mediated thrombocytopenia (IMTP) diagnosed?
- Clinical signs
- Platelet count
- Clotting parameters
What are the causes of primary vomiting?
- Gastritis
- Gastric ulceration
- Gastric neoplasia
- Pyloric stenosis
What are the causes of secondary vomiting?
- Renal disease (azotaemia)
- Diabetes emllitus (ketoacidosis)
- Pyometra
- Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism)
- Hepatitis
- Pancreatitis
- Colitits
What are the causes of primary diarrhoea?
- Viral or bacterial infections
- Worm infections
- Giardiasis
- Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
- Tumours
- Colitis
What are the causes of secondary diarrhoea?
- Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism)
- Renal failure (Azotaemia)
- Liver disease
- Pancreatic disease
- Hyperthyroidism
What are the clinical signs of megaoesophagus?
- Regurgitation
- Weight loss
- Coughing
- Dyspnoea
What is gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV)?
Where the stomach twists and fills up with gas, which causes severe bloating and death
What is portosystemic shunt?
Where the hepatic portal vein empties directly into the caudal vena cava bypassing the liver
How is portosystemic shunt diagnosed?
- Blood liver enzymes
- Diagnostic imaging (radiography, ultrasound and CT)
How is portosystemic shunt treated?
- Surgical correction
- Medication
What is pancreatitis?
Acute or chronic pain in the pancreas
How is pancreatitis diagnosed?
- Blood tests
- Diagnostic imaging
