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Veterinary Nursing > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 parts of immunity?

A
  • Innate
  • Adaptive/Acquired
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2
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Immunity present at birth and is a rapid response

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3
Q

What is adaptive/acquired immunity?

A

Immunity an individual develops through exposure to pathogens and is a slower response

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4
Q

What does the innate immune system include?

A
  • Barriers
  • Phagocytic leucocytes
  • Plasma proteins
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5
Q

What physical barriers include?

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes
  • Hair
  • Coughing, sneezing and urination
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6
Q

How is skin a physical barrier?

A
  • Largest organ which protects if unbroken
  • Has sebaceous glands which control pH of the skin to slow bacterial growth
  • Has sweat glands that have lysozymes with antibacterial properties
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7
Q

How is hair a physical barrier?

A
  • Acts as a barrier to skin
  • Has cilia in respiratory system, which trap bacteria
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8
Q

How is coughing, sneezing and urination a physical barrier?

A
  • Physical removal of foreign material
  • Have chemical barriers
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9
Q

Name chemical barriers

A
  • Sweat
  • Sebaceous glands
  • Tears
  • Saliva
  • Stomach acids
  • Bile
  • Ear wax
  • Mucous
  • Urine
  • Semen
  • Vaginal secretions
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10
Q

Name a biological barrier

A

Commensal bacteria on the skin and gut; this can be interfered by antibiotics

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11
Q

Name the different white blood cells

A
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
  • Monocyte
  • Lymphocyte
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12
Q

What are granulocytes and which white blood cells are they?

A
  • Neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil
  • White blood cells that contain granules and chemicals that destroy invading pathogens and infected cells.
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13
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Frontline cells that kill bacteria that degranulate releasing chemicals

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14
Q

What is eosinophils?

A

Cytotoxic cells primarily involved destroying parasitic infections and allergies; have bright red granules

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15
Q

What is a basophil?

A

Involved in destroying parasitic infections; have darker staining granules

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16
Q

What are agranulocytes and whcih white blood cells are these?

A
  • Monocyte and lymphocyte
  • White blood cells that contain no granules
17
Q

What are monocytes

A

Cells that mature into macrophages and dendritic cells responsible for phagocytosis, antigen presentation and cytokine production

18
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Natural killer cells in the innate immunity, which destroy cells infected by viruses by producing interferon

19
Q

What are mast cells?

A

A cell that contains granules of histamine and heparin, which creates an inflammatory response when encountered in an antigen

20
Q

What is a dendritic cell?

A

Cells found in tissue that detect pathogens and move to lymph nodes to mature and activate T lymphocytes

21
Q

What are interferons?

A

Cytokines that interfere viral replication

22
Q

What are the two types of adaptive/acquired immunity?

A
  • Humoral immunity
  • Cell-mediated immunity
23
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Antibody production with B lymphocytes

24
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity?

A

Immunity involving T lymphocytes

25
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A

A phagocyte engulfs bacteria and hydrolyses it using lysozymes and then presents the pathogen’s antigens, which are complementary to the receptor of a helper T cells, which then becomes activated.

26
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Protein molecules which bind to antigens, which are produced by B lymphocytes

27
Q

What is IgG?

A

Antibody mostly in blood, lymph and is able to cross the placenta

28
Q

What is IgA?

A

Antibody found in tears, milk, blood and lymph

29
Q

What is IgM?

A

First antibody to be secreted and is found in the blood and lymph and is unable to cross the placenta

30
Q

What is IgD?

A

An antibody found in the blood, lymph, and on B cells

31
Q

What is IgE?

A

Found on mast cells, basophils and are involved in allergic reactions

32
Q

What are B lymphocytes?

A

B cells produced in bone marrow, which are activated by a T helper cell so they can differentiate into plasma cells and B memory cells.

33
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Cells produced by B lymphocytes and produce antibodies, which neutralise the pathogen’s antigens.

34
Q

What are T helper cells?

A

Activate B cells to produce antibodies

35
Q

What are cytotoxic T cells?

A

Cells that destroy viruses or tumour cells

Veterinary Nursing (24 decks)

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