Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 parts of immunity?

A
  • Innate
  • Adaptive/Acquired
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2
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Immunity present at birth and is a rapid response

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3
Q

What is adaptive/acquired immunity?

A

Immunity an individual develops through exposure to pathogens and is a slower response

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4
Q

What does the innate immune system include?

A
  • Barriers
  • Phagocytic leucocytes
  • Plasma proteins
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5
Q

What physical barriers include?

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes
  • Hair
  • Coughing, sneezing and urination
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6
Q

How is skin a physical barrier?

A
  • Largest organ which protects if unbroken
  • Has sebaceous glands which control pH of the skin to slow bacterial growth
  • Has sweat glands that have lysozymes with antibacterial properties
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7
Q

How is hair a physical barrier?

A
  • Acts as a barrier to skin
  • Has cilia in respiratory system, which trap bacteria
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8
Q

How is coughing, sneezing and urination a physical barrier?

A
  • Physical removal of foreign material
  • Have chemical barriers
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9
Q

Name chemical barriers

A
  • Sweat
  • Sebaceous glands
  • Tears
  • Saliva
  • Stomach acids
  • Bile
  • Ear wax
  • Mucous
  • Urine
  • Semen
  • Vaginal secretions
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10
Q

Name a biological barrier

A

Commensal bacteria on the skin and gut; this can be interfered by antibiotics

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11
Q

Name the different white blood cells

A
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
  • Monocyte
  • Lymphocyte
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12
Q

What are granulocytes and which white blood cells are they?

A
  • Neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil
  • White blood cells that contain granules and chemicals that destroy invading pathogens and infected cells.
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13
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Frontline cells that kill bacteria that degranulate releasing chemicals

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14
Q

What is eosinophils?

A

Cytotoxic cells primarily involved destroying parasitic infections and allergies; have bright red granules

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15
Q

What is a basophil?

A

Involved in destroying parasitic infections; have darker staining granules

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16
Q

What are agranulocytes and whcih white blood cells are these?

A
  • Monocyte and lymphocyte
  • White blood cells that contain no granules
17
Q

What are monocytes

A

Cells that mature into macrophages and dendritic cells responsible for phagocytosis, antigen presentation and cytokine production

18
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Natural killer cells in the innate immunity, which destroy cells infected by viruses by producing interferon

19
Q

What are mast cells?

A

A cell that contains granules of histamine and heparin, which creates an inflammatory response when encountered in an antigen

20
Q

What is a dendritic cell?

A

Cells found in tissue that detect pathogens and move to lymph nodes to mature and activate T lymphocytes

21
Q

What are interferons?

A

Cytokines that interfere viral replication

22
Q

What are the two types of adaptive/acquired immunity?

A
  • Humoral immunity
  • Cell-mediated immunity
23
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Antibody production with B lymphocytes

24
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity?

A

Immunity involving T lymphocytes

25
Describe phagocytosis
A phagocyte engulfs bacteria and hydrolyses it using lysozymes and then presents the pathogen's antigens, which are complementary to the receptor of a helper T cells, which then becomes activated.
26
What are antibodies?
Protein molecules which bind to antigens, which are produced by B lymphocytes
27
What is IgG?
Antibody mostly in blood, lymph and is able to cross the placenta
28
What is IgA?
Antibody found in tears, milk, blood and lymph
29
What is IgM?
First antibody to be secreted and is found in the blood and lymph and is unable to cross the placenta
30
What is IgD?
An antibody found in the blood, lymph, and on B cells
31
What is IgE?
Found on mast cells, basophils and are involved in allergic reactions
32
What are B lymphocytes?
B cells produced in bone marrow, which are activated by a T helper cell so they can differentiate into plasma cells and B memory cells.
33
What are plasma cells?
Cells produced by B lymphocytes and produce antibodies, which neutralise the pathogen's antigens.
34
What are T helper cells?
Activate B cells to produce antibodies
35
What are cytotoxic T cells?
Cells that destroy viruses or tumour cells