Non-neoplastic respiratory conditions. Flashcards
What makes up the upper respiratory system?
Nose, nasopharynx and larynx.
What makes up lower respiratory system
Trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles and alveoli.
What are examples of upper airways infections
Rhinitis, laryngitis, tonsilitis, sinusitis.
What are the symptom of an infection in the upper airways?
Malaise, headache, sore throat, discharge.
What is an example of a lower airways infection?
Pneumonia
What settings can you acquire pnuemonia in?
Community acquired. Hospital acquired Aspiration pneumonia Nectrotising pneumonia Pneumonia in the immunocompromised host.
What are the symptoms of pneumonia?
Fever, rigour, SOB, pleuritic chest pain, purulent sputum, cough.
What is the morphology of pneumonia?
Lobar, Multifocal, Intestinal.
What are the organisms involved in pneumonia
Strep. pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenza
Staph auraus.
What are the features of hospital acquired pneumonia?
Contracted by a patient 49-72 hours after admittance.
Explain aspiration pneumonia.
Develops after inhalation of foreign material.
Occurs in the elderly, stroke patients, dementia and anaesthetic.
Define obstructive desease.
Characterised by partial or complete obstruction of any part of the lower repiratory system- ranging form trachea to terminal bronchiole.
Reduces FEV1.
Define restrictive disease
Characterise by reduced expansion and decreased total lung capacity.
Reduces FCV.
List examples of obstructive disorders
Asthma
COPD- emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Bronchiectasis.
Explain COPD emphysama.
Irreversible enlargement of airspaces distal to terminal bronchiole.
Mild chronic inflammation throughout airways.
Antiprotease imbalance hypothesis.
Explain the clinical symptoms of COPD emphysema
Dyspoea, cough, wheezing, weight loss “point puffe”, congestive heart failure, pneumothorax.
Explain COPD chronic bronchitis
Persistant cough with sputum production that lasts over 3 months.
What are the side effects of COPD bronchitis?
Persistant cough with sputum. Dyspnea Hypercapina (CO2 retention) Hypoxemia (low O2 in blood) Mild cyanosis.
Explain the morphology of asthma
Thick mucus plugs and airway remodelling.
What are the symptoms of asthma.
Chest tightness and wheezing.
Dyspnea
Status asthmaticus
Airway flow obstruction- difficulty with exhalation.
Explain bronchiectasis
Perminant obstruction of airway lumen.
Airways are dilated and inflamed.
What are the symptoms of bronchiectasis?
Persistant cough, perulent sputum, haemoptysis.
What is the aetiology of bronchiectasis?
Kartageners
Post infection of TB or measles.
What are the clinical features of restrictive lung disease?
Dyspnea, tachypnea, cyanosis without wheezing.
Secondary pulmonary hypertension.
What are the symptoms of a pulmonary embolism?
Vascular disorder.
Abrupt chest pain, SOB, hypoxia, increase pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricular failure.
What is pulmonary oedema?
Vascular disorder.
Caused by the accumulation of fluid in the airspaces and parenchyma of the lungs.
What is caused when haemodynamic oedema increases venous pressure?
Left ventricular failure.
What is causes when haemodynamic oedema decreases oncotic pressure?
Nephrotic syndrome- liver failure.
What are the clinical features of pulmonary oedema?
Shortness of breath
Pink frothy sputum
CXR findings.
Explain pneumothorax
Airways expansion disorder.
Air in pleural cavity.
Associated with emphysema, asthma, TB and idiopathic.
Explain atelectasis
Incomplete expansion of the lungs.
Reduces oxygenation and predisposes infection.
Reversible.
What conditions cause type 1 hypoxia with normal or low PCO2?
Pneumonia. Pulmonary oedema Asthma PE Pulmonary fibrosis ARDS
What conditions cause hypoxia with high PCO2?
Asthma COPD Reduces respiratory drive Neuromuscular disease Thoracic wall disease.
