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Mand's Pathology > Non-neoplastic respiratory conditions. > Flashcards

Non-neoplastic respiratory conditions. Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the upper respiratory system?

A

Nose, nasopharynx and larynx.

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2
Q

What makes up lower respiratory system

A

Trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles and alveoli.

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3
Q

What are examples of upper airways infections

A

Rhinitis, laryngitis, tonsilitis, sinusitis.

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4
Q

What are the symptom of an infection in the upper airways?

A

Malaise, headache, sore throat, discharge.

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5
Q

What is an example of a lower airways infection?

A

Pneumonia

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6
Q

What settings can you acquire pnuemonia in?

A 
Community acquired.
Hospital acquired
Aspiration pneumonia
Nectrotising pneumonia
Pneumonia in the immunocompromised host.
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7
Q

What are the symptoms of pneumonia?

A

Fever, rigour, SOB, pleuritic chest pain, purulent sputum, cough.

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8
Q

What is the morphology of pneumonia?

A

Lobar, Multifocal, Intestinal.

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9
Q

What are the organisms involved in pneumonia

A

Strep. pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenza
Staph auraus.

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10
Q

What are the features of hospital acquired pneumonia?

A

Contracted by a patient 49-72 hours after admittance.

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11
Q

Explain aspiration pneumonia.

A

Develops after inhalation of foreign material.

Occurs in the elderly, stroke patients, dementia and anaesthetic.

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12
Q

Define obstructive desease.

A

Characterised by partial or complete obstruction of any part of the lower repiratory system- ranging form trachea to terminal bronchiole.
Reduces FEV1.

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13
Q

Define restrictive disease

A

Characterise by reduced expansion and decreased total lung capacity.
Reduces FCV.

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14
Q

List examples of obstructive disorders

A

Asthma
COPD- emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Bronchiectasis.

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15
Q

Explain COPD emphysama.

A

Irreversible enlargement of airspaces distal to terminal bronchiole.
Mild chronic inflammation throughout airways.
Antiprotease imbalance hypothesis.

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16
Q

Explain the clinical symptoms of COPD emphysema

A

Dyspoea, cough, wheezing, weight loss “point puffe”, congestive heart failure, pneumothorax.

17
Q

Explain COPD chronic bronchitis

A

Persistant cough with sputum production that lasts over 3 months.

18
Q

What are the side effects of COPD bronchitis?

A 
Persistant cough with sputum.
Dyspnea
Hypercapina (CO2 retention)
Hypoxemia (low O2 in blood)
Mild cyanosis.
19
Q

Explain the morphology of asthma

A

Thick mucus plugs and airway remodelling.

20
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma.

A

Chest tightness and wheezing.
Dyspnea
Status asthmaticus
Airway flow obstruction- difficulty with exhalation.

21
Q

Explain bronchiectasis

A

Perminant obstruction of airway lumen.

Airways are dilated and inflamed.

22
Q

What are the symptoms of bronchiectasis?

A

Persistant cough, perulent sputum, haemoptysis.

23
Q

What is the aetiology of bronchiectasis?

A

Kartageners

Post infection of TB or measles.

24
Q

What are the clinical features of restrictive lung disease?

A

Dyspnea, tachypnea, cyanosis without wheezing.

Secondary pulmonary hypertension.

25
Q

What are the symptoms of a pulmonary embolism?

A

Vascular disorder.

Abrupt chest pain, SOB, hypoxia, increase pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricular failure.

26
Q

What is pulmonary oedema?

A

Vascular disorder.

Caused by the accumulation of fluid in the airspaces and parenchyma of the lungs.

27
Q

What is caused when haemodynamic oedema increases venous pressure?

A

Left ventricular failure.

28
Q

What is causes when haemodynamic oedema decreases oncotic pressure?

A

Nephrotic syndrome- liver failure.

29
Q

What are the clinical features of pulmonary oedema?

A

Shortness of breath
Pink frothy sputum
CXR findings.

30
Q

Explain pneumothorax

A

Airways expansion disorder.
Air in pleural cavity.
Associated with emphysema, asthma, TB and idiopathic.

31
Q

Explain atelectasis

A

Incomplete expansion of the lungs.
Reduces oxygenation and predisposes infection.
Reversible.

32
Q

What conditions cause type 1 hypoxia with normal or low PCO2?

A 
Pneumonia.
Pulmonary oedema
Asthma
PE
Pulmonary fibrosis
ARDS
33
Q

What conditions cause hypoxia with high PCO2?

A 
Asthma
COPD
Reduces respiratory drive
Neuromuscular disease
Thoracic wall disease.

Mand's Pathology (22 decks)

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