Male Reproductive

Question 1

What are the risk factors of urinary tract infections

Answer 1

More common in females than males.
Sexual intercourse 
Pregnancy
Diabetes
Urinary tract obstructions- e.g stones or catheters.

Question 2

What are the different names of UTIS in different areas

Answer 2

Urethra-urethritis
Bladder- cystitis
Prostate- Prostatisis
Kidney- Pyelonephritis

Question 3

What are the symptoms of cystitis?

Answer 3

Frequency of urination.
Dysuria
Urgency 
Haematuria
Pubic pain.

Question 4

What are the symptoms of pyelonephritis?

Answer 4

Fever, rigour, vomiting and loin pain.

Question 5

What are the symptoms of prostatitis?

Answer 5

Flu-like symptoms and swollen prostate

Question 6

Explain renal failure.

Answer 6

Low urine volume leading to raised plasma urea and creatine levels.

Question 7

What are the cases of pre-renal failure

Answer 7

Hypoperfusion and sepsis

Question 8

What are the causes of renal failure?

Answer 8

ATN damage to tubules due to ischaemia or nephrotoxins

Question 9

What are the causes of post renal failure?

Answer 9

Renal tract obstructions- e.g stones and tumours.

Question 10

Explain the glomerular filtration rate of each stage of chronic renal failure.

Answer 10

1- >90
2- >60-89
3- >30-59
4- >15-29 (symptoms usually occur at this stage)
5-

Question 11

What are the common causes of chronic renal failure?

Answer 11

Glomerulonephritis 
Diabetes
Reno vascular disease
Hypertension
Polycystic disease

Question 12

Who is likely to be affected by kidney stones?

Answer 12

Males aged between 20-40

Question 13

What are the risk factors for kidney stones?

Answer 13

Dehydration
Dietary factors- chocolate, tea, rhubarb.
Drugs- loop diuretics, antacids, corticosteroids and aspirin.
Renal tract abnoralities
UTIS
Metabolic abnormalities- hyperthyroidism/hyperparathyroidsism

Question 14

Who is most likely to be affected by renal call carcinoma?

Answer 14

Men
50-70
Smoking, obesity and hypertension

Question 15

What are the symptoms of renal cell carcinoma?

Answer 15

Haematuria
Loin pain
Abdominal mass
Paraneplastic syndromes- polycythaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypertension

Question 16

What are the signs and symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia?

Answer 16

Increased frequency of urination, hesitancy, nocturia, dribbling, enlarged prostate

Question 17

What are the risk factors of prostate cancer

Answer 17

Age, race, history, hormone levels, weight.

Question 18

How would you diagnose prostate cancer?

Answer 18

Raised PSA (prostate specific antigens)
Biopsy

Question 19

What are the symptoms of testicular torsion?

Answer 19

Sudden pain in 1 testical. 
Pain in abdomen, nausea and vomiting. 
Ball is hot, swollen and tender. 
Ball lies high 
Most common in people aged 11-30

Question 20

Explain testicular tumours

Answer 20

Most common malignancy in males aged 15-44.
Risk factors- undefended testis, infant hernia.
Presents as painless lump.

Question 21

Explain germ cell tumour

Answer 21

Type of testicular tumour.

Most common type is seminoma