Heart- the rest

Question 1

Name a number of cardiac diseases.

Answer 1

Ischemia and MI
Cardiac failure
Valvular heart disease
Pericarditis and Myocarditis.

Question 2

List some vascular diseases.

Answer 2

Atherosclerosis
Aneurysms
Hypertension
Diabetic vascular disease.

Question 3

How does the heart initially respond to cardiac failure?

Answer 3

The heart initially over compensates. This leads to cardiac hypertrophy and/or dilation which leads to the inability to retain normal heart beat.

Question 4

What are the signs and symptoms of cardiac failure?

Answer 4

Shortness of breath
Fatigue
Fluid in the lungs (pulmonary oedema)
Excessive fluid in veins- venous oedema.

Question 5

What are the components of valvular heart disease?

Answer 5

Stenosis- failure to open completely, impeding forward flow.
Incompetence/regurgitation- failure to close causing a backwards flow.
Vegitation- abnormal tissue growth in the valves.

Question 6

What causes stenosis?

Answer 6

Most common disease- caused primarily due to primary valve cusp abnormality.

Question 7

What causes valvular regurgitation?

Answer 7

May result of disease of cusps but can also damage supporting structures.

Question 8

What causes valvular vegetation

Answer 8

Infective endocarditis and rheumatic fever.

Question 9

What are the underlying causes of valvular heart disease? (10)

Answer 9

Infection- endocarditis and rheumatic fever. 
Calcific aortic disease.
Age
Carcinoid syndrome
Fibrosis and muscle rupture after MI
Heart failure
Hypertension
Cogential
Prosthetic heart valves
Drugs.

Question 10

What are the symptoms of valvular disease?

Answer 10

Stroke
Arrythmias
Ventricular hypertrophy
Angina Fainting
Heart failure
Infarcts in kidney and spleen.

Question 11

What are the features of infective endocarditis?

Answer 11

Infection occurs in the edge of the heart valves.
Occurs on the R side in IV drug use.
Occurs on L side for all other reasons.
Caused by streptococci and staph aureus.

Question 12

What is the clinical presentation of infective endocarditis.

Answer 12

Sepsis
Heart failure
New murmur

Question 13

What are the causes of pericarditis and myocarditis?

Answer 13

Viral
Bacterial
Parastitic
TB
Uraemia
Drugs

Question 14

What causes dilated cardiomyopathy?

Answer 14

Idiopathic, alcohol, peripartum, genetics, mycarditis, sarcoid.

Question 15

What causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Answer 15

Genetics, idiopathic, storage disease.

Question 16

What causes restrictive cardiomyopathy?

Answer 16

Radiation and chemotherapy.

Question 17

What are the clinical features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Answer 17

SOB, chest pain, palpitations, sudden death, atrial fibrillation.

Question 18

What are the figures of hypertension?

Answer 18

Mild- 104/95
Moderatie- 115/105
Severe- greater than 115.

Question 19

List some causes of secondary hypertension.

Answer 19

Renal- polycystic kidney disease.
Endocrine- thyrotoxixosis.
Vascular- raised intravascular volume.
Neurogenic- acute stress

Question 20

What are the complications of hypertension in the heart?

Answer 20

Left ventricular hypertrophy
Cardiac failure
MI

Question 21

What are the complications of hypertension in the kidney?

Answer 21

Benign nephroschlerosis

Renal failure.

Question 22

Explain the retinopathy grades caused by hypertension in the eye.

Answer 22

Grade 1- thickening of arterioles
Grade 2- Arteriolar spas,
Grade 3- Haemorrhage
Grade 4- Papillioedema.

Question 23

What are the complications of hypertension in the brain?

Answer 23

Cerebral haemorrhage and cerebral infarction.

Question 24

What factors affect the case of hypertension?

Answer 24

Young
Male
Black
Smoker
Diabetes
Hypercholesterolemia.

Question 25

Explain venous thrombosis

Answer 25

DVT- caused by immobility, malignancy, pregnancy, oestrogen and cannulas.

Question 26

Explain varicosities.

Answer 26

Occurs in tortuous and distended veins.

Caused by impaired venous return. Causes ulcerations in ankles and lower legs.

Question 27

Explain congenital cardiovascular disease.

Answer 27

Septal defects.
Failure of blood vessel to close at birth- patent ductus arteriosus.
Narrowed aorta
Valve abormalities