Heart- the rest Flashcards
Name a number of cardiac diseases.
Ischemia and MI
Cardiac failure
Valvular heart disease
Pericarditis and Myocarditis.
List some vascular diseases.
Atherosclerosis
Aneurysms
Hypertension
Diabetic vascular disease.
How does the heart initially respond to cardiac failure?
The heart initially over compensates. This leads to cardiac hypertrophy and/or dilation which leads to the inability to retain normal heart beat.
What are the signs and symptoms of cardiac failure?
Shortness of breath
Fatigue
Fluid in the lungs (pulmonary oedema)
Excessive fluid in veins- venous oedema.
What are the components of valvular heart disease?
Stenosis- failure to open completely, impeding forward flow.
Incompetence/regurgitation- failure to close causing a backwards flow.
Vegitation- abnormal tissue growth in the valves.
What causes stenosis?
Most common disease- caused primarily due to primary valve cusp abnormality.
What causes valvular regurgitation?
May result of disease of cusps but can also damage supporting structures.
What causes valvular vegetation
Infective endocarditis and rheumatic fever.
What are the underlying causes of valvular heart disease? (10)
Infection- endocarditis and rheumatic fever. Calcific aortic disease. Age Carcinoid syndrome Fibrosis and muscle rupture after MI Heart failure Hypertension Cogential Prosthetic heart valves Drugs.
What are the symptoms of valvular disease?
Stroke Arrythmias Ventricular hypertrophy Angina Fainting Heart failure Infarcts in kidney and spleen.
What are the features of infective endocarditis?
Infection occurs in the edge of the heart valves.
Occurs on the R side in IV drug use.
Occurs on L side for all other reasons.
Caused by streptococci and staph aureus.
What is the clinical presentation of infective endocarditis.
Sepsis
Heart failure
New murmur
What are the causes of pericarditis and myocarditis?
Viral Bacterial Parastitic TB Uraemia Drugs
What causes dilated cardiomyopathy?
Idiopathic, alcohol, peripartum, genetics, mycarditis, sarcoid.
What causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Genetics, idiopathic, storage disease.
What causes restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Radiation and chemotherapy.
What are the clinical features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
SOB, chest pain, palpitations, sudden death, atrial fibrillation.
What are the figures of hypertension?
Mild- 104/95
Moderatie- 115/105
Severe- greater than 115.
List some causes of secondary hypertension.
Renal- polycystic kidney disease.
Endocrine- thyrotoxixosis.
Vascular- raised intravascular volume.
Neurogenic- acute stress
What are the complications of hypertension in the heart?
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Cardiac failure
MI
What are the complications of hypertension in the kidney?
Benign nephroschlerosis
Renal failure.
Explain the retinopathy grades caused by hypertension in the eye.
Grade 1- thickening of arterioles
Grade 2- Arteriolar spas,
Grade 3- Haemorrhage
Grade 4- Papillioedema.
What are the complications of hypertension in the brain?
Cerebral haemorrhage and cerebral infarction.
What factors affect the case of hypertension?
Young Male Black Smoker Diabetes Hypercholesterolemia.
Explain venous thrombosis
DVT- caused by immobility, malignancy, pregnancy, oestrogen and cannulas.
Explain varicosities.
Occurs in tortuous and distended veins.
Caused by impaired venous return. Causes ulcerations in ankles and lower legs.
Explain congenital cardiovascular disease.
Septal defects.
Failure of blood vessel to close at birth- patent ductus arteriosus.
Narrowed aorta
Valve abormalities
