Endocrine

Question 1

What causes hyperpituitarism?

Answer 1

Most common cause is an adenoma in the anterior lobe.

However it may also be caused due to hyperplasia or cancer.

Question 2

What hormones can be released by a pituitary adenoma and what can they cause?

Answer 2

ACTH- Cushings disease.
Growth hormone- Gingantism (children) and Acromegaly (adults)
Prolactin- Galactorrhea- sexual dysfunction.
TSH- Hyperthyroidism.
FSH and LH- hypogondaism and hypopituitarism.

Question 3

What causes hypopituitarism?

Answer 3

Ischemic necrosis- Sheehans syndrome.
Non-functioning adenomas
Surgery
Inflammatory lessions.

Question 4

What causes hyperthyroidism?

Answer 4

Graves disease
Over treatment of thyroxine. 
Infective De Quervains thyroidits. 
Toxic goitre
Toxic adenoma.

Question 5

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism? (13)

Answer 5

Intolerance to heat
Fine straight hair
Bulging eyes
Facial flushing
Tachycardia
Increase BP
Weight loss
Muscle wasting 
Odema
Diarrohea 
Menstrual changes
Tremors
Finger clubbing

Question 6

Explain graves disease.

Answer 6

Bulging eyes.

Causes hyperthyroidism.

Question 7

What causes a hypothyroidism

Answer 7

Iodine deficiency
Hashimotos thyroiditis. 
Surgery
Pituitary defects
Congenital

Question 8

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism? (10)

Answer 8

Intolerance to cold. 
Bradycardia
Weight gain
Thickened skin
Slow speech
Brittle nails
Constipation
Dry skin
Apathy
Hair loss

Question 9

Who is most likely to be affected by hasimotos thyroiditis? (hypothyroid cause_

Answer 9

More common in woman than men.

45-65

Question 10

How do you treat hypothyroidism?

Answer 10

Thyroxine

Question 11

Explain thyroid cancer.

Answer 11

Most common type of papillary cancer- non functional tumour.

Question 12

What causes hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 12

Low calcium
Removal of surgery- thyroidectomy.
Congenital
Hereditary.

Question 13

What are the symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 13

Irritably
Tetany
Seizures.

Question 14

What causes hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 14

Primary- adenoma
Secondary- Chronic renal failure.
Tertiary- after renal transplant.

Question 15

What are the symptoms of hyperparathyroidism? (8)

Answer 15

Symptoms are due to too much calcium. 
Constipation.
Depression
Seizures
Muscle wasting
Polyuria
Bone fractures
Kidney stones.

Question 16

What causes hyperaldosteronism?

Answer 16

Primary- conns disease

Secondary- due to too much renin

Question 17

What are the symptoms of conns (therefore hyperaldosteronism).

Answer 17

Oedema
Hypertension
High sodium
Low potassium.

Question 18

Explain cushings syndrome.

Answer 18

Excessive release of cortisol.

Caused by ACTH releasing tumour.

Question 19

What are the side effects of cushings syndrome. (9)

Answer 19

Emotional disturbance
Moon face
Osteoporosis
Cardiac hypertrophy
Buffalo hump
Thinning skin
Muscle weakness
Purpura- red and purple spots
Skin ulcers- poor wound healing.

Question 20

What is addison’s disease

Answer 20

An adrenal insufficiency.

Question 21

What are the symptoms of addison disease.

Answer 21

GI symptoms (anorexia, nausea, vomiting). 
Weight loss
Hyperpigmentation- darkened gums. 
Hyponatremia
Hyperkalemia

Question 22

What are the side effects of pheochromocytoma.

Answer 22

Hypertension
Sweating
Palpitations
Tahcycardia
Increased metabolic rate.