Non-communicable diseases Flashcards
what is a non-communicable disease
diseases that are not spread by infection
what 5 factors affect the risk of developing a non-communicable disease
Genes
Age
Sex
Environmental
Lifestyle factors
how do genes affect the risk of developing non-communicable diseases
different alleles may be more prone to mutation or cause certain diseases
how does age affect the risk of developing non-communicable diseases?
the older the body, the more likely that cells may develop mutations which lead to cancer
how does sex affect the risk of developing non-communicable diseases
the female hormone oestrogen has protective effects that men do not get
how do environmental factors affect the risk of developing non-communicable diseases?
factors where you are living such as air pollution can cause lung disease
how does your lifestyle affect the risk of developing non-communicable diseases?
the way you live including diet, alcohol, smoking and exercise can affect the risk
give 2 examples of a non-communicable disease
cancer
cardiovascular disease
lung/liver diseases
dietary diseases
give 3 lifestyle factors
alcohol
smoking
diet
how can alcohol cause non-communicable diseases
ethanol in alcohol can be poisonous to cells when absorbed. it will pass through the liver first meaning they are more likely to be damaged and cause liver disease
give 4 reasons why smoking is bad
- nicotine is addictive
- carbon monoxide in smoke reduces how much oxygen the blood can carry
- chemicals in tar are carcinogens that can cause cancer
- can cause cardiovascular disease
what is malnutrition
when a person eats too little of a nutrient
what is obesity
too much body fat
what 2 measurements can be used to measure obesity
BMI
waist: hip
what is the formula for BMI
weight/height squared
how is waist to hip ratio calculated
waist/hip
what does CHD stand for
coronary heart disease
what are 3 ways to treat coronary heart disease
lifestyle changes
medication
surgery
what are 4 lifestyle changes a person could do to treat cardiovascular disease
give up smoking
take more exercise
eat healthier
lose weight
what are 3 benefits of lifestyle changes for cardiovascular disease
No side effects
may reduce chances of getting other diseases
cheapest
what is a disadvantage of lifestyle changes for cardiovascular disease
may take time to work or may not work effectively
what is an example medication that can be used to lower cardiovascular disease
beta-blockers
what are the effects of beta-blockers
reduce blood pressure
what are 3 positives of using medicines to lower cardiovascular disease
start working immediately
easy to do
cheaper and less risky than surgery
what are 3 disadvantages of using medicines to lower cardiovascular disease
long term
may have side effects
may not work well with other medications the person is taking
what are 2 surgeries that can be done to lower cardiovascular heart disease
stent
heart bypass
what is a stent and when is it used
when an artery becomes narrowed, the drop in blood flow can cause damage to tissue beyond blockage. a wireframe called a stent can be inserted into it to widen the artery
what is a heart bypass and when is it used
when a blood vessel is fully blocked and a new blood vessel is inserted to bypass a blocked artery
what is an advantage of using surgery to treat cardiovascular disease
long term solution
what are 4 disadvantages of using surgery to treat cardiovascular disease
risk that the person will not recover after the operation
expensive
difficult to do
can develop an infection after surgery
