Health and disease Flashcards
what is the definition of health
a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
what 3 factors make up health
social
mental
physical
what is mental well-being
how you feel about yourself
what is social well-being
how well you get on with others
what are the 2 types of diseases?
communicable
non-communicable
what is a communicable disease
a disease that can be passed from one person to another
what is a non-communicable disease
not passed between people
what is a pathogen
an organism that causes an infectious disease
what are 2 things about communicable diseases
rapid variation in the number of cases
often localised
what are 2 things about non-communicable diseases
number of cases changes gradually
cases may be more widely spread
what are the 4 types of pathogens
bacterium
virus
fungi
protists
what is an HIV pathogen
a pathogen that makes it easier for other pathogens to infect a person
how do bacteria harm humans
can release toxins
what are 3 infections spread by a bacterium
cholera
tuberculosis
stomach ulcers
what are the symptoms of cholera
water, pale-coloured diarrhoea
what are the symptoms of tuberculosis
lung damage is seen in blood-speckled mucus
weight loss
fever and chills
night sweats
what are the symptoms of stomach ulcers
inflammation in stomach
bleeding in stomach
what is an infection caused by protists
malaria
what are some symptoms of malaria
fever
weakness
chills
sweating
what are some infections caused by viruses
HIV/AIDS
Ebola
what are some symptoms of HIV/AIDS
mid flu or often no symptoms
repeated other infections
what are some symptoms of Ebola
internal bleeding
fever and headache
muscle pain
vomiting
diarrhoea
what is an infection caused by a fungus
ash die-back (Chalara)
what are some symptoms of ash die-back (Chalara)
leaf loss
bark lesion
dieback at the top of tree
what is a vector
an organism that spreads a pathogen
what is the vector for malaria
mosquitoes
how is malaria spread (give the steps of the cycle)
- A mosquito becomes infected with a parasite when it takes a blood meal from an infected human
- mosquito bites a person and injects protist into them
- it infects the liver cells which infects the blood cells
what does HIV stand for
human immunodeficiency virus
how does HIV work
it enters the blood and causes reproduces inside the white blood cells causing them to break. eventually, so many white blood cells are damaged that the immune system cannot work properly. meaning that other diseases can infect easily
what are 2 ways to reduce the spread of cholera
boil water to kill bacteria before drinking
wash hands thoroughly after using the toilet to prevent spread by touch
what are 3 ways to reduce the spread of tuberculosis
- ventilate buildings to reduce the chance of breathing in bacteria droplets in
- diagnose infected people promptly and give antibiotics to kill bacteria
- isolate infected people so they cannot infect more people
what is a way to reduce the spread of malaria
kill mosquitos or use mosquito nets
what are 2 ways to prevent the spread of stomach ulcers
cook food thoroughly to kill bacteria
wash hands thoroughly before preparing food to avoid transfer
what are 2 ways to prevent the spread of Ebola
keep infected people isolated to prevent the spread
wear protective clothing when working with infected people
what are antibiotics used for
to treat bacterial infection
give an example of an antibiotic
penicillin
how do antibiotics kill bacteria
They inhibit cell processes in the bacteria but not the host organism. for example, some antibiotics stop bacteria cell walls from forming properly
what is the aseptic technique
techniques used to prevent organisms from air and surfaces from contaminating cultures
what are the 3 parts of the aseptic technique
- sterilising dishes and culture media
- sterilising inoculating loop
- sealing petri dishes
how are petri dishes sterilised
using autoclave or heating to high temperatures
how is culture media sterilised
heating it to high temperatures to kill any bacteria
how is an inoculating loop sterilised
put into a hot flame and cooled
why is a petri dish not completely sealed
to prevent the growth of anaerobic bacteria that are pathogen
why are microorganisms only incubated at 25’c in schools
temperature higher than this will encourage rapid growth in bacteria
