Genetic modification Flashcards

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1
Q

what is genetic engineering

A

the process of changing the genome of an organism, often by introducing genes from another organism so that it has desirable characteristics

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2
Q

what 2 characteristics are GM crops made to have

A

resistant to insect attack
resistant to herbicides

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3
Q

what is the method to make identical copies of a plant

A

cell culture

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4
Q

how is a cell culture for plant tissue made

A

tissue from the sample cut
placed into agar jelly containing plant hormones and nutrients
samples grow into tiny plants

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5
Q

what are 3 uses of animal cell cultures

A

test the effect of drugs on cells
check for cancer cells in a sample from a patient
produce important proteins (antibodies)

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6
Q

what are the 3 uses of plant cell cultures?

A

produce hundreds of identical GM plants from just one parent plant
cell can be growing in a culture to make plant products (medicines)
produce disease-free plants

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7
Q

what are the steps to making GM bacteria that produce insulin

A
  1. DNA from human cells is cut into species using a restriction enzyme, these will make staggered cuts across the double-stranded DNA, leaving a few unpaired bases at each end called sticky ends
  2. bacteria cells contain small circles of DNA called plasmids, the same enzyme will be used to cut the plasmid open, leaving complementary sticky ends
  3. the pieces of DNA containing the insulin gene are mixed with the plasmids. the bases in the sticky ends pair up, and then an enzyme called DNA ligase is used to link the DNA back into a continuous plasmid
  4. the plasmids are inserted back into the bacteria where they will now make insulin
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8
Q

what enzyme is used to remove insulin enzyme from human chromosome

A

restriction enzyme

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9
Q

what do you call the unpaired bases left at the end

A

sticky ends

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10
Q

what is the name of the enzyme used to rejoin a plasmid back into a continuous circle

A

DNA ligase

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11
Q

what is a vector (in terms of Genetics)

A

the name of anything that carries the new gene into a cell

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12
Q

what is the vector for insulin bacteria

A

plasmids

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13
Q

what is an example of a GM plant

A

BT plants

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14
Q

what are BT plants

A

plants that are insect-resistance, contain a toxin made by BT bacteria that is poisonous to insects

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15
Q

what are the 2 advantages of BT plants

A

crop damage is reduced so crop yield is increased
less chemical insecticide is needed

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16
Q

what are 3 disadvantages of BT plants

A

more expensive than normal plants
pests may become resistant to toxins
may pollinate with closely related plants and make them resistant to pests as well

17
Q

what are 2 solutions to meeting the growing population need

A

fertilisers
biological control

18
Q

what are 2 advantages of fertilisers

A
  • increase crop yield
  • a good way to use animal waste
19
Q

what are the 3 disadvantages of fertilisers?

A

excess fertilisers can cause eutrophication
expensive
can reduce soil biodiversity

20
Q

what is biological control

A

using natural predators, parasites or diseases of the pest to keep their population low

21
Q

what are 3 advantages of biological control

A

the pest cannot become resistant
the control agent can become specific to the pest
avoids using chemical pesticides

22
Q

what are 2 disadvantages of biological control

A

biological control does not get rid of the pest completely
the control agent may become a pest