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Biology > Genetics and Inheritance > Flashcards

Genetics and Inheritance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is DNA

A

the genetic material found in the chromosomes in the nuclei of cells

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2
Q

where is DNA found

A

nucleus

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3
Q

what is a chromosome

A

a string of genes/DNA

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4
Q

what is the shape of DNA

A

double helix

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5
Q

what are the 4 bases

A

Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine

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6
Q

what are the complementary bases

A

AT
CG

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7
Q

what holds the DNA strands together

A

weak hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

DNA is a _________ made up of __________

A

polymers monomer

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9
Q

what is a DNA monomer called

A

a nucleotide

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10
Q

what is a nucleotide made up of

A

phosphate
sugar
base

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11
Q

what is the biggest molecule in nucleotide

A

sugar

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12
Q

what are the 3 steps to extracting DNA from fruit

A
  1. grind fruit to separate cells
  2. add detergent to break open the cell membranes
  3. add ice-code alcohol so that the DNA precipitates out
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13
Q

who discovered inheritance

A

Gregor Mendel

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14
Q

describe Mendels experiment

A
  1. Mendel created pure bread pees that would always produce the same offspring when bred
  2. he bred tall peas with dwarf spread and discovered that all the offspring were tall
  3. he discovered that the tall gene was dominant and the short gene was recessive
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15
Q

what is a game

A

a sex cell

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16
Q

what is made when 2 gametes fuse

A

a diploid zygote

17
Q

what is a gene in terms of genetics

A

it codes for a particular characteristic

18
Q

what is an allele

A

a different version of a gene

19
Q

what does homozygous mean

A

when the person has the same allele for a particular characteristic on both chromosomes

20
Q

what does heterozygous mean

A

when the person has different alleles for a particular characteristic on the chromosomes

21
Q

what is the genotype

A

shows the alleles in the individual

22
Q

what is the phenotype

A

means the characteristics that are produced

23
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have

A

23 pairs or 46 chromosomes

24
Q

what is the genotype of a male

A

XY

25
Q

what is the genotype of a female

A

XX

26
Q

what is the chance of your child being a male

A

50%

27
Q

what 3 alleles are used to determine blood group and if they are recessive or dominant

A

A - dominant
B - dominant
O - recessive

28
Q

what are the four blood groups

A

A
B
AB
O

29
Q

how is the blood group AB possible

A

codominant, this occurs when the heterozygous individual shows the effects of both alleles that they carry for the gene

30
Q

name 2 sex-linked disorders

A

colour blindness
haemophilia

31
Q

what is meant by a sex-linked disorder

A

when a disease is more likely to affect males as they carry only one X chromosome a recessive allele on this chromosome will affect the phenotype as an allele on the Y chromosome will not match it

32
Q

what 2 factors cause variation

A

genes and environment

33
Q

what is a mutation

A

when the sequence of bases in a gene is changed

34
Q

what was the human genome project

A

a collaboration between scientists to decode the human genome (the order of bases on all human chromosomes).

35
Q

what are 3 advantages of the human genome project

A
  • it can be used to alert people of any particular disease that they are at risk for so that they can change their lifestyle and prevent it
  • can be used to distinguish between similar diseases
  • allows doctors to tailor treatments, where specific alleles affect how a person will respond to a treatment
36
Q

what are 2 disadvantages of the human genome project

A

people who are at risk of certain diseases may have to pay more for life insurance
it may not be helpful to tell someone they have an incurable disease

Biology (15 decks)

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