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Biology > Core > Flashcards

Core Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what makes up every living organism

A

cells

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2
Q

what are the 5 features that are in both plant and animal cells

A

cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm
mitochondria
ribosomes

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3
Q

what is the purpose of the cell membrane

A

controls what enters and exits the cell

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4
Q

what is the purpose of the nucleus

A

a large structure that contains genes and the activities of the cell

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5
Q

what is the purpose of the cytoplasm

A

a jelly-like substance that fills the cell, this is where the reactions happen

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6
Q

what is the purpose of the mitochondria

A

where respiration takes place and releases energy for the cell

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7
Q

what is the purpose of the ribosome

A

where proteins are made

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8
Q

what are 3 features that only plant cells have

A

cell wall
vacuole
chloroplasts

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9
Q

where is the cell wall found

A

outside of the cell (further than the cell membrane)

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10
Q

what is the purpose of the vacuole

A

contains cell sap which helps keep the plant rigid

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11
Q

what is the purpose of the cell wall

A

made of tough cellulose so that it helps support the cell

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12
Q

what is the purpose of the chloroplasts

A

where photosynthesis takes place, contains chlorophyll

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13
Q

what are 4 differences between a bacteria cell and an animal cell

A

have plasmids
no nucleus just a large loop of DNA
flagellum
cell wall

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14
Q

what are plasmids

A

extra circles of DNA that contain additional genes

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15
Q

why do bacteria have a cell wall

A

for protection

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15
Q

what is a flagellum and what is its purpose

A

a tail-like structure that helps them move

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16
Q

what is the formula for magnification

A

magnification = image size/ real size

17
Q

what are the 3 small units starting from millimetres in order

A

micro
nano
pico

18
Q

What is the difference between micro and pico

A
  • 1000 000
19
Q

what are the 5 pieces of a microscope

A

eyepiece
objective lens
stage
the fine and coarse focusing wheel

20
Q

what is an enzyme

A

biological catalysts that are specific to one substrate

21
Q

what 3 factors affect enzymes

A

temperature
concentration
PH

22
Q

how does temperature affect enzymes

A

If it is too low - the molecules will not have enough kinetic energy so molecules will take longer to fit into and react in the active site
if temp is too high - the enzymes will start to denature

23
Q

what happens when an enzyme denatures

A

the shape of the active site changes causing substrates to not fit into it anymore

24
Q

why does after a certain point increasing substrate concentration stop affecting the rate of reaction

A

all the enzymes will be busy

25
Q

what is catalyst

A

something that speeds up the rate of reaction without being used up and not changing the product

26
Q

what enzyme breaks down starch

A

amylase

27
Q

what enzyme breaks down lipids

A

lipase

28
Q

what enzyme breaks down protein

A

protease

29
Q

what do carbohydrates/starch break down into

A

sugars/glucose

30
Q

what do proteins break into

A

amino acids

31
Q

what do lipids break into

A

fatty acids and glycerol

32
Q

what are the steps to finding the energy of a sample of food

A
  1. measure the starting temp of the water
  2. measure the mass of the food sample
  3. set the food alight and place it under the tube
  4. calculate the change in temp
33
Q

how much energy does it take to raise the temp of 1cm of water by 1 degree

A

4.3 Joules

34
Q

what is the formula for how much energy a certain mass of food has

A

volume * change in temp * 4.2

35
Q

what are the ways that particles move

A

diffusion
active transport
osmosis

36
Q

what is diffusion

A

the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low gradient through a partially permeable membrane

37
Q

what is an example of diffusion in the body

A

oxygen into cells and CO2 out of cells

38
Q

what is active transport

A

is the movement of particles against the concentration gradient and requires energy

39
Q

give 2 examples of active transport

A

root cells absorbing minerals from the soil
small intestine cells absorb glucose from digested food in the gut into the body

40
Q

what is osmosis

A

the diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane

Biology (15 decks)

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