Core Flashcards
what makes up every living organism
cells
what are the 5 features that are in both plant and animal cells
cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm
mitochondria
ribosomes
what is the purpose of the cell membrane
controls what enters and exits the cell
what is the purpose of the nucleus
a large structure that contains genes and the activities of the cell
what is the purpose of the cytoplasm
a jelly-like substance that fills the cell, this is where the reactions happen
what is the purpose of the mitochondria
where respiration takes place and releases energy for the cell
what is the purpose of the ribosome
where proteins are made
what are 3 features that only plant cells have
cell wall
vacuole
chloroplasts
where is the cell wall found
outside of the cell (further than the cell membrane)
what is the purpose of the vacuole
contains cell sap which helps keep the plant rigid
what is the purpose of the cell wall
made of tough cellulose so that it helps support the cell
what is the purpose of the chloroplasts
where photosynthesis takes place, contains chlorophyll
what are 4 differences between a bacteria cell and an animal cell
have plasmids
no nucleus just a large loop of DNA
flagellum
cell wall
what are plasmids
extra circles of DNA that contain additional genes
why do bacteria have a cell wall
for protection
what is a flagellum and what is its purpose
a tail-like structure that helps them move
what is the formula for magnification
magnification = image size/ real size
what are the 3 small units starting from millimetres in order
micro
nano
pico
What is the difference between micro and pico
- 1000 000
what are the 5 pieces of a microscope
eyepiece
objective lens
stage
the fine and coarse focusing wheel
what is an enzyme
biological catalysts that are specific to one substrate
what 3 factors affect enzymes
temperature
concentration
PH
how does temperature affect enzymes
If it is too low - the molecules will not have enough kinetic energy so molecules will take longer to fit into and react in the active site
if temp is too high - the enzymes will start to denature
what happens when an enzyme denatures
the shape of the active site changes causing substrates to not fit into it anymore
why does after a certain point increasing substrate concentration stop affecting the rate of reaction
all the enzymes will be busy
what is catalyst
something that speeds up the rate of reaction without being used up and not changing the product
what enzyme breaks down starch
amylase
what enzyme breaks down lipids
lipase
what enzyme breaks down protein
protease
what do carbohydrates/starch break down into
sugars/glucose
what do proteins break into
amino acids
what do lipids break into
fatty acids and glycerol
what are the steps to finding the energy of a sample of food
- measure the starting temp of the water
- measure the mass of the food sample
- set the food alight and place it under the tube
- calculate the change in temp
how much energy does it take to raise the temp of 1cm of water by 1 degree
4.3 Joules
what is the formula for how much energy a certain mass of food has
volume * change in temp * 4.2
what are the ways that particles move
diffusion
active transport
osmosis
what is diffusion
the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low gradient through a partially permeable membrane
what is an example of diffusion in the body
oxygen into cells and CO2 out of cells
what is active transport
is the movement of particles against the concentration gradient and requires energy
give 2 examples of active transport
root cells absorbing minerals from the soil
small intestine cells absorb glucose from digested food in the gut into the body
what is osmosis
the diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane
