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Science for Medicine > Nitrogen > Flashcards

Nitrogen Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the main nitrogen containing molecules in the body?

A

Amino acids
Ammonia
Urea

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2
Q

What are the 3 stages of protein digestion?

A

Gastric
Pancreatic
Intestinal

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3
Q

What is the name of the only amino acid to be able to obtain its nitrogen from ammonia?

A

Glutamate

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4
Q

How do most amino acids gain their nitrogen?

A

Through transaminase reactions from pre-existing amino acids

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5
Q

What is nitrogen transported as throughout the body?

A

Glutamine and alanine

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6
Q

What charge does glutamate have?

A

Negative

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7
Q

What is urea formed from?

A

Ammonia

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8
Q

Ammonia is formed through what reaction?

A

Oxidative deamination

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9
Q

In what cycle does ammonia become urea?

A

The urea cycle

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10
Q

Cyanobacteria is important for increasing what?

A

Oxygen levels

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11
Q

What enzyme is required for nitrogen fixation?

A

Nitrogenase

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12
Q

What is nitrogenase inactivated by?

A

Oxygen

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13
Q

How do nitrogen fixing bacteria live?

A

Anaerobically

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14
Q

What do leguminous plants produce?

A

Leghemoglobin

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15
Q

What is the name of the only amino acid that can obtain its nitrogen directly from NH4?

A

Glutamate

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16
Q

What is the name given to the transfer of amino groups between different molecules?

A

Transamination

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17
Q

Is transamination reversible or non-reversible?

A

Reversible

18
Q

What is usually one of the two substrates involved in transamination?

A

Glutamate

19
Q

In transamination, an amino acid will always undergo a reaction with what?

A

An alpha-keto acid

20
Q

What do all aminotransferases rely on?

A

The pyridoxal phosphate cofactor

21
Q

What does pyridoxal phosphate do during transamination?

A

Transfers the amino group

22
Q

Where does pepsin work?

A

In the stomach

23
Q

What is pepsin’s job?

A

To cut proteins into peptides in the stomach

24
Q

Where do trypsin and chymotrypsin work?

A

Small intestine

25
Q

Digestion of dietary proteins provides a steady supply of what?

A

Amino acids

26
Q

Where do humans get their uric acid from?

A

Purines

27
Q

Where is excess glutamine processed?

A

Intestines
Kidney
Liver

28
Q

What do vigorously working muscles rely on for energy?

A

Glycolysis

29
Q

What can pyruvate be converted into for transport into the liver?

A

Alanine

30
Q

What is nitrogen excreted as from the liver?

A

Ammonium ion

31
Q

Which type of molecules do not pas through membranes easily?

A

Charged molecules

32
Q

Where is excess glutamate metabolised?

A

Mitochondria of the hepatocytes

33
Q

What two reactions occur withing the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction?

A

Two-electron oxidation

Hydrolysis

34
Q

Why are some amino acids termed glucogenic?

A

They feed into gluconeogenesis to produce glucose or glycogen

35
Q

What is the definition of inherited metabolic disorders?

A

Group of genetic diseases involving metabolic defects

36
Q

What are the main effects of enzyme defects?

A

Decreased formation of the product
Accumulation of the substrate
Increased formation of other metabolites

37
Q

The urea cycle is split between what two parts of the body?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

Cytosol

38
Q

What is the name of the regulatory enzyme in the urea cycle?

A

CPS1

39
Q

What is PKU the result of?

A

Absence of phenylalanine hydroxylase

40
Q

What type of genetic disorder is PKU?

A

Autosomal recessive

41
Q

Patients with PKU generally have a decreased what?

A

Blood tyrosine level

Science for Medicine (20 decks)

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