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Science for Medicine > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cori cycle?

A

The cycle that links glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

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2
Q

Name the two types of main carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

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3
Q

Give 3 examples of monosaccharide

A

Fructose
Glucose
Galactose

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4
Q

Give 3 examples of Disaccharide

A

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

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5
Q

What are gluco and hexokinase?

A

Isoenzymes

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6
Q

What do isoenzymes do?

A

Catalyse the same reaction

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7
Q

Where is glucokinase found?

A

The liver

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8
Q

When will glucokinase pick up glucose?

A

When glucose concentration is high

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9
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A polymer of glucose

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10
Q

For every molecule of glucose broken apart what is there a net gain of?

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate

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11
Q

What can pyruvate be converted into?

A

Ethanol, lactate or CO2

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12
Q

What is lactate dehydrogenase used to do?

A

To convert lactate into pyruvate using NAD+

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13
Q

When does lactate dehydrogenase work?

A

During gluconeogenesis

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14
Q

How many of the 10 reactions in glycolysis are reversible?

A

7

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15
Q

What is the fate of absorbed galactose?

A

It joins the glycolysis cycle

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16
Q

What does the pentose phosphate pathway produce?

A

NADPH and pentose sugars

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17
Q

What are the pentose sugars and NADPH produced by the pentose phosphate pathway used for?

A

Nucleic acid synthesis

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18
Q

Which part of the pentose pathway phosphate pathway is reversible?

A

The non-oxidative part

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19
Q

What does NADPH link in the pentose pathway?

A

Anabolic and catabolic pathways

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20
Q

What are disaccharides formed from?

A

Monomers linked by glycosidic bonds

21
Q

What is maltose a break-down product of?

A

Starch

22
Q

What are the two monomers in Lactose?

A

Galactose

Glucose

23
Q

Which two glucose polymers does starch contain?

A

Amylose

Amylopectin

24
Q

Why are amylopectin and glycogen more readily synthesised and degraded?

A

They have many non-reducing ends

25
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Proteins that have carbohydrates covalently attached

26
Q

What is the digestive enzyme present in the mouth?

A

Salivary amylase

27
Q

What does salivary amylase hydrolyse?

A

The alpha 1-4 bonds of starch

28
Q

What are the main products of carbohydrate digestion?

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

29
Q

How is glucose absorbed?

A

Through an indirect ATP-powered process

30
Q

What are disaccharidase deficiencies characterised by?

A

Abdominal distension

Cramps

31
Q

What is the most common disaccharidase defiency?

A

Lactose Intolerance

32
Q

Where are glucose monomers removed from during the degradation of glycogen?

A

The non-reducing ends of the glycogen molecule

33
Q

Name the 2 main molecules that glycogen can become following degradation?

A

Glucose

Lactate

34
Q

What is the deficiency involved in von Gierke’s disease?

A

Liver G-6-P deficiency

35
Q

What is the deficiency involved in McArdle’s disease?

A

Skeletal muscle phosphorylase deficiency

36
Q

What are the names given to the 2 main phases in glycolysis?

A

Preparatory phase

Payoff phase

37
Q

How many ATP are gained in the payoff phase?

A

4 ATP

38
Q

What is the catalyst for the phosphorylation of glucose?

A

Hexokinase

39
Q

What molecule requires regeneration during glycoysis?

A

NAD+

40
Q

Pyruvate is reduced to lactate via what process?

A

Fermentation

41
Q

The reduction of pyruvate to lactate replenishes the store of what?

A

NAD+

42
Q

In cells with access to oxygen, pyruvate is oxidised to form what?

A

Acetyl CoA

43
Q

Gluconeogenesis usually occurs in the liver in the response to what?

A

Hormonal controls

44
Q

What does the pentose phosphate pathway produce for all organisms?

A

NADPH

45
Q

What does the adrenal cortex require NADPH for?

A

Steroid synthesis

46
Q

Where does the krebs cycle take place?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

47
Q

Which enzyme produces acetyl Co-A from pyruvate?

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

48
Q

What is pyruvate dehydrogenase regulated by?

A

ATP

49
Q

What is an amphibolic pathway?

A

A pathway that serves both catabolic and anabolic processes

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