Carbohydrates

Question 1

What is the cori cycle?

Answer 1

The cycle that links glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 2

Name the two types of main carbohydrates

Answer 2

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

Question 3

Give 3 examples of monosaccharide

Answer 3

Fructose
Glucose
Galactose

Question 4

Give 3 examples of Disaccharide

Answer 4

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

Question 5

What are gluco and hexokinase?

Answer 5

Isoenzymes

Question 6

What do isoenzymes do?

Answer 6

Catalyse the same reaction

Question 7

Where is glucokinase found?

Answer 7

The liver

Question 8

When will glucokinase pick up glucose?

Answer 8

When glucose concentration is high

Question 9

What is glycogen?

Answer 9

A polymer of glucose

Question 10

For every molecule of glucose broken apart what is there a net gain of?

Answer 10

2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate

Question 11

What can pyruvate be converted into?

Answer 11

Ethanol, lactate or CO2

Question 12

What is lactate dehydrogenase used to do?

Answer 12

To convert lactate into pyruvate using NAD+

Question 13

When does lactate dehydrogenase work?

Answer 13

During gluconeogenesis

Question 14

How many of the 10 reactions in glycolysis are reversible?

Answer 14

7

Question 15

What is the fate of absorbed galactose?

Answer 15

It joins the glycolysis cycle

Question 16

What does the pentose phosphate pathway produce?

Answer 16

NADPH and pentose sugars

Question 17

What are the pentose sugars and NADPH produced by the pentose phosphate pathway used for?

Answer 17

Nucleic acid synthesis

Question 18

Which part of the pentose pathway phosphate pathway is reversible?

Answer 18

The non-oxidative part

Question 19

What does NADPH link in the pentose pathway?

Answer 19

Anabolic and catabolic pathways

Question 20

What are disaccharides formed from?

Answer 20

Monomers linked by glycosidic bonds

Question 21

What is maltose a break-down product of?

Answer 21

Starch

Question 22

What are the two monomers in Lactose?

Answer 22

Galactose

Glucose

Question 23

Which two glucose polymers does starch contain?

Answer 23

Amylose

Amylopectin

Question 24

Why are amylopectin and glycogen more readily synthesised and degraded?

Answer 24

They have many non-reducing ends

Question 25

What are glycoproteins?

Answer 25

Proteins that have carbohydrates covalently attached

Question 26

What is the digestive enzyme present in the mouth?

Answer 26

Salivary amylase

Question 27

What does salivary amylase hydrolyse?

Answer 27

The alpha 1-4 bonds of starch

Question 28

What are the main products of carbohydrate digestion?

Answer 28

Glucose Galactose Fructose

Question 29

How is glucose absorbed?

Answer 29

Through an indirect ATP-powered process

Question 30

What are disaccharidase deficiencies characterised by?

Answer 30

Abdominal distension | Cramps

Question 31

What is the most common disaccharidase defiency?

Answer 31

Lactose Intolerance

Question 32

Where are glucose monomers removed from during the degradation of glycogen?

Answer 32

The non-reducing ends of the glycogen molecule

Question 33

Name the 2 main molecules that glycogen can become following degradation?

Answer 33

Glucose | Lactate

Question 34

What is the deficiency involved in von Gierke's disease?

Answer 34

Liver G-6-P deficiency

Question 35

What is the deficiency involved in McArdle's disease?

Answer 35

Skeletal muscle phosphorylase deficiency

Question 36

What are the names given to the 2 main phases in glycolysis?

Answer 36

Preparatory phase | Payoff phase

Question 37

How many ATP are gained in the payoff phase?

Answer 37

4 ATP

Question 38

What is the catalyst for the phosphorylation of glucose?

Answer 38

Hexokinase

Question 39

What molecule requires regeneration during glycoysis?

Answer 39

NAD+

Question 40

Pyruvate is reduced to lactate via what process?

Answer 40

Fermentation

Question 41

The reduction of pyruvate to lactate replenishes the store of what?

Answer 41

NAD+

Question 42

In cells with access to oxygen, pyruvate is oxidised to form what?

Answer 42

Acetyl CoA

Question 43

Gluconeogenesis usually occurs in the liver in the response to what?

Answer 43

Hormonal controls

Question 44

What does the pentose phosphate pathway produce for all organisms?

Answer 44

NADPH

Question 45

What does the adrenal cortex require NADPH for?

Answer 45

Steroid synthesis

Question 46

Where does the krebs cycle take place?

Answer 46

In the mitochondrial matrix

Question 47

Which enzyme produces acetyl Co-A from pyruvate?

Answer 47

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

Question 48

What is pyruvate dehydrogenase regulated by?

Answer 48

ATP

Question 49

What is an amphibolic pathway?

Answer 49

A pathway that serves both catabolic and anabolic processes