Lipids

Question 1

What are the four major classes of lipids?

Answer 1

Essential Fatty Acids
Good Fats
Bad Fats
Really bad fats

Question 2

What are TAGs a major component of?

Answer 2

Adipose tissue

Question 3

What do TAGs act as?

Answer 3

Insulation

Dietary fuel

Question 4

What are triglycerols?

Answer 4

The main dietary lipid

Question 5

What is most TAG digested by?

Answer 5

Pancreatic lipase

Question 6

What is TAG digested into?

Answer 6

Monoacylglycerol and 2 fatty acids

Question 7

Phospholipids are hydrolysed into what?

Answer 7

A fatty acid and lysophospholipid

Question 8

What are free fatty acids transported in?

Answer 8

Lipoproteins

Question 9

What do LDLs do?

Answer 9

Carry cholesterol from the liver to other tissues

Question 10

What do HDLs do?

Answer 10

Pick up cholesterol from tissues and take to liver for elimination

Question 11

Where does beta oxidation occur?

Answer 11

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 12

What are the 3 stages of beta-oxidation?

Answer 12

Activation
Transport
Degradation

Question 13

What is the name of the shuttle that transfers long chain fatty acyl CoA?

Answer 13

The carnitine shuttle

Question 14

Where does the carnitine shuttle transfer long chain fatty acyl CoA?

Answer 14

From the cytoplasm to the inside of the mitochondrion

Question 15

What do fatty acids from in the cytoplasm once activated?

Answer 15

Fatty acyl CoA

Question 16

Where does ketogenesis occur?

Answer 16

The liver

Question 17

When are ketone bodies usually produced?

Answer 17

During starvation or fasting

Question 18

What is also produced from ketogenesis? (other than ketone bodies)

Answer 18

Acetone

Question 19

What are lipids?

Answer 19

Heterogeneous organic molecules

Question 20

Which vitamins are derived from lipids?

Answer 20

Vitamins A,D,E,K

Question 21

Essential fatty acids are what?

Answer 21

Those that have to be ingested

Question 22

Give an example of an essential fatty acid?

Answer 22

Arachidonic acid

Question 23

Omega-3 fatty acids lower what?

Answer 23

Plasma cholesterol

Question 24

What can omega-3 fatty acids can prevent what?

Answer 24

Atherosclerosis

Question 25

What are TAGs esters of what?

Answer 25

Fatty acids and glycerol

Question 26

What is the main site of digestion for TAGs?

Answer 26

The small intestine

Question 27

Bile salts act as what?

Answer 27

Biological detergents

Question 28

What are bile salts derivatives of?

Answer 28

Cholesterol

Question 29

Which type of fatty acid chains do not require micelles for absorption?

Answer 29

Short and medium fatty acid chains

Question 30

What is steatorrhea?

Answer 30

Excess fat in faeces

Question 31

Removal of the gall bladder can inhibit what?

Answer 31

Digestion and absorption of fats

Question 32

Liquid malabsorption is due to what?

Answer 32

Bile secretin Pancreatic function Intestinal cell uptake

Question 33

Which type of patients are most prone to steatorrhea?

Answer 33

CF patients

Question 34

Where are insoluble dietary lipids packaged into for export?

Answer 34

Chylomicrons

Question 35

How are chylomicrons released?

Answer 35

By exocytosis

Question 36

What is TAG in chylomicrons hydrolysed by?

Answer 36

Lipoprotein lipase

Question 37

Where is lipoprotein primarily found?

Answer 37

In capillaries of skeletal muscle

Question 38

What are chylomicron remnants?

Answer 38

Chylomicrons depleted of TAG

Question 39

Where do chylomicron remnants go?

Answer 39

The liver

Question 40

What are TAGs usually stored as in adipose cells?

Answer 40

Droplets

Question 41

What is FA released from stored TAG by?

Answer 41

Hormone sensitive lipase

Question 42

HSL is activated in response to what?

Answer 42

Epi nephrine

Question 43

How are Free FAs transported through the blood?

Answer 43

In a complex with serum albumin

Question 44

What is the albumin + FA complex carried by?

Answer 44

Lipoproteins

Question 45

What can too many LDLs lead to?

Answer 45

Atherosclerosis

Question 46

How many Fatty acids can the beta-oxidation pathway degrade at the one time?

Answer 46

2

Question 47

What does the beta-oxidation produce?

Answer 47

Acetyl CoA NADH FADH2

Question 48

What is formed from the activation stage of beta-oxidation?

Answer 48

Fatty acyl coA

Question 49

What do very long fatty acid chains undergo in peroxisomes?

Answer 49

Preliminary beta-oxidation

Question 50

What does the amount of ketogenesis depend on?

Answer 50

The availability of acetyl CoA

Question 51

What do cardiac and skeletal muscles use ketone bodies as?

Answer 51

An energy source

Question 52

What can uncontrolled diabetes lead to in the blood?

Answer 52

Very high ketone body concentrations in the blood

Question 53

What does excessive ketone bodies produce in the breath of an individual?

Answer 53

A fruity odour

Question 54

FA synthesis can not run at the same time as what?

Answer 54

FA degradation

Question 55

What are ketone bodies water-soluble transporters of?

Answer 55

Acetyl Co-A

Question 56

How can we get fatty acids?

Answer 56

Diet | Through synthesis

Question 57

What is Acetyl CoA derived from?

Answer 57

Excess protein Excess fat Excess carbohydrate

Question 58

Where does De novo synthesis of fatty acids occur?

Answer 58

The cytosol

Question 59

What does the citrate shuttle transfer?

Answer 59

CoA for fatty acid synthesis

Question 60

When does a citrate shuttle occur?

Answer 60

When citrate concentration in the mitochondria is high

Question 61

Which step is Acetyl CoA carboxylase required for?

Answer 61

The step in which malonyl CoA is formed

Question 62

What is ACC activated by?

Answer 62

Citrate

Question 63

What is the role of ACC in fatty acid synthesis?

Answer 63

Key regulatory enzyme

Question 64

What are eicosanoids derived from?

Answer 64

20-carbon unsaturated fatty acids

Question 65

Where are steroids mainly synthesised?

Answer 65

The liver

Question 66

What do statins lower the risk of?

Answer 66

Developing cardiovascular disease

Question 67

What is a precursor for a prostaglandin

Answer 67

Eicosanoids

Question 68

How many NADPH molecules are produced from palmitate synthesis?

Answer 68

14