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Science for Medicine > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four major classes of lipids?

A

Essential Fatty Acids
Good Fats
Bad Fats
Really bad fats

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2
Q

What are TAGs a major component of?

A

Adipose tissue

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3
Q

What do TAGs act as?

A

Insulation

Dietary fuel

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4
Q

What are triglycerols?

A

The main dietary lipid

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5
Q

What is most TAG digested by?

A

Pancreatic lipase

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6
Q

What is TAG digested into?

A

Monoacylglycerol and 2 fatty acids

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7
Q

Phospholipids are hydrolysed into what?

A

A fatty acid and lysophospholipid

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8
Q

What are free fatty acids transported in?

A

Lipoproteins

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9
Q

What do LDLs do?

A

Carry cholesterol from the liver to other tissues

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10
Q

What do HDLs do?

A

Pick up cholesterol from tissues and take to liver for elimination

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11
Q

Where does beta oxidation occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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12
Q

What are the 3 stages of beta-oxidation?

A

Activation
Transport
Degradation

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13
Q

What is the name of the shuttle that transfers long chain fatty acyl CoA?

A

The carnitine shuttle

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14
Q

Where does the carnitine shuttle transfer long chain fatty acyl CoA?

A

From the cytoplasm to the inside of the mitochondrion

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15
Q

What do fatty acids from in the cytoplasm once activated?

A

Fatty acyl CoA

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16
Q

Where does ketogenesis occur?

A

The liver

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17
Q

When are ketone bodies usually produced?

A

During starvation or fasting

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18
Q

What is also produced from ketogenesis? (other than ketone bodies)

A

Acetone

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19
Q

What are lipids?

A

Heterogeneous organic molecules

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20
Q

Which vitamins are derived from lipids?

A

Vitamins A,D,E,K

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21
Q

Essential fatty acids are what?

A

Those that have to be ingested

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22
Q

Give an example of an essential fatty acid?

A

Arachidonic acid

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23
Q

Omega-3 fatty acids lower what?

A

Plasma cholesterol

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24
Q

What can omega-3 fatty acids can prevent what?

A

Atherosclerosis

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25
Q

What are TAGs esters of what?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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26
Q

What is the main site of digestion for TAGs?

A

The small intestine

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27
Q

Bile salts act as what?

A

Biological detergents

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28
Q

What are bile salts derivatives of?

A

Cholesterol

29
Q

Which type of fatty acid chains do not require micelles for absorption?

A

Short and medium fatty acid chains

30
Q

What is steatorrhea?

A

Excess fat in faeces

31
Q

Removal of the gall bladder can inhibit what?

A

Digestion and absorption of fats

32
Q

Liquid malabsorption is due to what?

A

Bile secretin
Pancreatic function
Intestinal cell uptake

33
Q

Which type of patients are most prone to steatorrhea?

A

CF patients

34
Q

Where are insoluble dietary lipids packaged into for export?

A

Chylomicrons

35
Q

How are chylomicrons released?

A

By exocytosis

36
Q

What is TAG in chylomicrons hydrolysed by?

A

Lipoprotein lipase

37
Q

Where is lipoprotein primarily found?

A

In capillaries of skeletal muscle

38
Q

What are chylomicron remnants?

A

Chylomicrons depleted of TAG

39
Q

Where do chylomicron remnants go?

A

The liver

40
Q

What are TAGs usually stored as in adipose cells?

A

Droplets

41
Q

What is FA released from stored TAG by?

A

Hormone sensitive lipase

42
Q

HSL is activated in response to what?

A

Epi nephrine

43
Q

How are Free FAs transported through the blood?

A

In a complex with serum albumin

44
Q

What is the albumin + FA complex carried by?

A

Lipoproteins

45
Q

What can too many LDLs lead to?

A

Atherosclerosis

46
Q

How many Fatty acids can the beta-oxidation pathway degrade at the one time?

A

2

47
Q

What does the beta-oxidation produce?

A

Acetyl CoA
NADH
FADH2

48
Q

What is formed from the activation stage of beta-oxidation?

A

Fatty acyl coA

49
Q

What do very long fatty acid chains undergo in peroxisomes?

A

Preliminary beta-oxidation

50
Q

What does the amount of ketogenesis depend on?

A

The availability of acetyl CoA

51
Q

What do cardiac and skeletal muscles use ketone bodies as?

A

An energy source

52
Q

What can uncontrolled diabetes lead to in the blood?

A

Very high ketone body concentrations in the blood

53
Q

What does excessive ketone bodies produce in the breath of an individual?

A

A fruity odour

54
Q

FA synthesis can not run at the same time as what?

A

FA degradation

55
Q

What are ketone bodies water-soluble transporters of?

A

Acetyl Co-A

56
Q

How can we get fatty acids?

A

Diet

Through synthesis

57
Q

What is Acetyl CoA derived from?

A

Excess protein
Excess fat
Excess carbohydrate

58
Q

Where does De novo synthesis of fatty acids occur?

A

The cytosol

59
Q

What does the citrate shuttle transfer?

A

CoA for fatty acid synthesis

60
Q

When does a citrate shuttle occur?

A

When citrate concentration in the mitochondria is high

61
Q

Which step is Acetyl CoA carboxylase required for?

A

The step in which malonyl CoA is formed

62
Q

What is ACC activated by?

A

Citrate

63
Q

What is the role of ACC in fatty acid synthesis?

A

Key regulatory enzyme

64
Q

What are eicosanoids derived from?

A

20-carbon unsaturated fatty acids

65
Q

Where are steroids mainly synthesised?

A

The liver

66
Q

What do statins lower the risk of?

A

Developing cardiovascular disease

67
Q

What is a precursor for a prostaglandin

A

Eicosanoids

68
Q

How many NADPH molecules are produced from palmitate synthesis?

A

14

Science for Medicine (20 decks)

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