NEWBORNS & INFANT Flashcards
is the term used to describe a child
from birth to 28 days old.
newborn or neonate
refers to a child between
the ages of 28 days and 1 year
infant
blue appearance of the newborn’s hands or feet when the temperature drops
acrocyanosis
It appears as a thick, cheesy, white substance on the skin and is
especially prevalent in skin folds of the newborn’s body.
Vernix caseosa
fine, downy hairs, which appear on the newborn’s body, shoulders, and/or back at birth, develop in
the fetus at 3 months gestation and disappear within the first
2 weeks of life.
lanugo
what is the measurement of posterior fontanelle
1 to 2 cm, usually closes at 2 months
measurement of anterior fontanelle
4 to 6 cm, closes between 12 to 18 months
eyesight of newborns
farsighted at 20/200
how do newborns breathe
Obligatory nose breathers
30-60 breaths per minute
parts of umbilicus
amniotic portion
cutaneous portion
is covered with a gel-like substance and dries up and falls off within 2 weeks of life.
AMNIOTIC PORTION
is covered with skin and draws back to become flush with the
abdominal wall.
cutaneous portion
Gross motor of infant
- can turn head side to side
- 3 to 4 m = almost no head lag infant may push up to prone position.
- 5 to 6 m = Infants roll from front to back
- 6 -7 = sits unsupported
- 10 months = cruising
- 12 months - walk when handheld
Fine motor movement
- grasp reflex at birth
- 3 m - rasp reflex fades
- 5 to 6 m - grasp voluntarily
- 7 m - hand to hand transfer
- 9 m - pincer grasp
-12 m - 2 block tower
this stage involves the development of intellect and knowledge of the
environment gained through the senses. During this stage,
development progresses from reflexive activity to purposeful
acts.
- object permanence
sensorimotor stage
retains a mental image of an absent object; sees self as separate from others)
object permanence
communication of infants
main crying
- cooing by 1 to 2 m
- laughing and babbling by 3 to 4 m
- begins to imitate sound at 6 m
- combined syllables 8 m
- understands no-no in 9
- mama and dada no meaning 10m
- 2 to 4 words with meaning 12m
are the building blocks of an
infant’s developing sense of trust
love and affection
in this stage, the infant’s significant other is the “caretaking” person. Developing a sense of trust in caregivers and the environment is a central focus for an infant. This sense of trust forms the foundation for all future psychosocial tasks.
trust vs. mistrust (birth to 1)
the erogenous zone is the mouth, and sexual activity takes the
form of sucking, swallowing, chewing, and biting. In this stage,
the infant meets the world by crying, tasting, eating, and early
vocalization; biting, to gain a sense of having a hold on and
having greater control of the environment;
oral stage
normal temperature
36.4 to 37.2 C
normal respiration rate
30 to 60 bpm
normal blood pressure
60/40 mmhg
normal pulse
120-140 bpm while at rest
180 bpm crying
100 bpm when sleeping
normal range weight
1500 to 4000 grams
normal length range
44 - 55 cm
normal head circumference range
33-35.5 cm
normal chest circumference
24-34 cm
short, webbed neck suggest anomalies or syndromes such as
downs syndrome
wide set position of inner cantus
hypertelorism
“Sun-setting” appearance
(upper lid covers part of the iris) suggest
hydrocephalus
upward slant and thick epicanthal folds suggest
down syndrome
swelling (edema) that affects a newborn’s scalp. It most commonly occurs from pressure on the head as the baby moves through the birth canal during a prolonged or difficult vaginal delivery.
caput succedaneum
normal head
normocephalic
often a birth injury related to head trauma during delivery. The condition occurs when cerebrospinal fluid builds up in the brain and spinal cord. The pressure from the extra fluid can stop the baby’s brain from working properly and lead to brain damage and even death.
hydrocephalus
is a condition where a baby’s head is much smaller than expected.
microcephaly
is usually caused by an
indirect inguinal hernia that has descended into the scrotum. It can usually be pushed back into the inguinal canal. This mass will
not transilluminate.
scrotal hernia
sis adduction of the forefoot
and inversion of the entire foot
Talipes varus
To elicit the rooting reflex, touch the newborn’s upper or lower lip or cheek with a gloved finger or sterile nipple.
rooting reflex (d= 3 to 4m)
A feeling of the head
of the femur slipping out of the hip socket (acetabulum).
barlow’s sign
A click heard along
with feeling the head of the femur slip in or out of the hip.
Ortolani’s sign
Place a gloved finger or nipple in the newborn’s mouth, and
note the strength of the sucking response. (A diminished
response is normal in a recently fed newborn.)
Sucking reflex (10-12)
Press your fingers against the palmar surface of the newborn’s
hand from the ulnar side. The grasp should be strong—you
may even be able to pull the newborn to a sitting position.
Palmar reflex (3-4)
Touch the ball of the newborn’s foot. The toes should curl
downward tightly
Plantar grasp reflex (8-10)
The newborn should be supine. Turn the head to one side,
with newborn’s jaw at the shoulder
tonic neck reflex (4-6m)
is a response to sudden stimulation or an abrupt change in position.
Moro or startle reflex (3m)
is fanning of the toes. Many normal newborns will not exhibit a positive Babinski reflex; instead, they will exhibit the normal adult response,
which is flexion of the toes. Response should always be symmetric bilaterally
babinski reflex (2y)
Hold the newborn upright from behind, provide support
under the arms, and let the newborn’s feet touch a surface.
The reflex response is manifested by the newborn stepping
with one foot and then the other in a walking motion
stepping reflex (2m)
